For release: 10:00 A.M. EST USDL 11-0126
Tuesday, February 1, 2011
Technical information: (202) 691-6553 * BDMinfo@bls.gov * www.bls.gov/bdm
Media contact: (202) 691-5902 * PressOffice@bls.gov
BUSINESS EMPLOYMENT DYNAMICS: SECOND QUARTER 2010
From March to June 2010 the number of gross job gains from opening
and expanding private sector establishments increased to 6.9 million,
the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics reported today. Over this
period, gross job losses from closing and contracting private sector
establishments were 6.2 million. Job losses have steadily decreased
from a recent high of 8.5 million in December 2008 to the lowest level
since the series began in September 1992.
In the second quarter 2010 the net change in employment was 728,000.
This represents the first positive net employment change since the
recession began in December 2007 and the largest since March 2006.
The change in the number of jobs over time is the net result of
increases and decreases in employment that occur at all businesses
in the economy. Business Employment Dynamics (BED) statistics track
these changes in employment at private business units from the third
month of one quarter to the third month of the next. Gross job gains
are the sum of increases in employment from expansions at existing
units and the addition of new jobs at opening units. Gross job losses
are the result of contractions in employment at existing units and the
loss of jobs at closing units. The difference between the number of
gross job gains and the number of gross job losses is the net change
in employment. (See the Technical Note for more information.)
The BED data series include gross job gains and gross job losses at the
establishment level by industry subsector and for the 50 states, the
District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands, as well as
gross job gains and gross job losses at the firm level by employer size
class.
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| Upcoming Changes to Press Release Tables |
| |
| With the next release, table 4 will be redesigned to show the |
| seasonally adjusted gross job gains and gross job losses and net |
| change in employment by firm size for the most recent ten years. |
| In addition, a new table will be added showing the components of |
| gross job gains and losses by firm size. |
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Contracting establishments lost 5.1 million jobs in the second quarter
of 2010. This is the smallest number of jobs lost at contracting
establishments since the series began in September 1992.
Second quarter job gains at expanding establishments rose to 5.7
million after falling slightly in March 2010. Job gains at expanding
establishments have increased in four of the last five quarters.
From March to June 2010 closing establishments lost 1.1 million jobs,
a decrease from the previous quarter’s loss of 1.2 million.
Opening establishments gained 1.3 million jobs, an increase from the
previous quarter when opening establishments created 1.1 million jobs.
(See tables 1 and 3.)
In second quarter 2010 there were 172,000 establishment births
(a subset of the openings data, see the Technical Note for more
information); these new establishments added 698,000 jobs.
Data for establishment deaths (a subset of the closings data) are
available through September 2009, when 793,000 jobs were lost at
216,000 establishments. (See table 7.)
The difference between the number of gross jobs gained and the
number of gross jobs lost yielded a net change of 728,000 jobs in the
private sector for second quarter 2010. (See table 1.)
Gross job gains represented 6.6 percent of private sector employment
in second quarter 2010, while gross job losses represented 5.9 percent
of private sector employment. (See table 2.)
The financial activities, utilities, and information sectors were the
only sectors to post a net decrease in employment during second quarter
2010. The construction sector was slightly positive in second quarter
2010 with a net employment change of 1,000. This is the first
positive net employment change for this industry since March 2007.
(See table 3.)
From March to June 2010 firms with 1-49 employees experienced a
decrease in their share of total gross job gains from 56.2 percent
to 52.8 percent, while firms with 250 or more employees experienced
an increase in their share of gross job gains from 25.8 percent
to 28.5 percent. (See table 4.)
Table A. Three-month private sector gross job gains and losses,
seasonally adjusted
Category 3 months ended
June Sept. Dec. Mar. June
2009 2009 2009 2010 2010
Levels (in thousands)
Gross job gains................ 6,421 6,341 6,662 6,110 6,935
At expanding establishments... 5,117 5,124 5,326 4,996 5,682
At opening establishments..... 1,304 1,217 1,336 1,114 1,253
Gross job losses............... 8,025 7,241 6,890 6,421 6,207
At contracting establishments. 6,644 5,883 5,598 5,231 5,064
At closing establishments..... 1,381 1,358 1,292 1,190 1,143
Net employment change(1).......-1,604 -900 -228 -311 728
Rates (percent)
Gross job gains................ 6.0 5.9 6.4 5.8 6.6
At expanding establishments... 4.8 4.8 5.1 4.7 5.4
At opening establishments..... 1.2 1.1 1.3 1.1 1.2
Gross job losses............... 7.5 6.9 6.5 6.1 5.9
At contracting establishments. 6.2 5.6 5.3 5.0 4.8
At closing establishments..... 1.3 1.3 1.2 1.1 1.1
Net employment change(1)....... -1.5 -1.0 -.1 -.3 .7
(1) The net employment change is the difference between total
gross job gains and total gross job losses. See the Technical
Note for further information.
In the second quarter of 2010 six states experienced a negative net
change in employment, a decrease from 35 states in the previous
quarter. California had the largest net gain in employment, which
can be attributed to a sharp increase in gross job gains from 759,025
in March 2010 to 877,920 in June 2010. California and Michigan
experienced their lowest levels of gross job losses (775,156 and
184,025, respectively) since the series began in third quarter 1992.
(See table 5.) From March to June 2010, gross job gains as a percent
of total employment increased or remained unchanged in 49 states and
the District of Columbia. Hawaii was the only state to show a
decrease in gross job gains. (See table 6.)
More Information
Additional information on gross job gains and gross job losses are
available online at http://www.bls.gov/bdm. This information
includes data on the levels and rates of gross job gains and gross
job losses by firm size, the not seasonally adjusted data and other
seasonally adjusted time series not presented in this release,
charts of gross job gains and gross job losses by industry and firm
size, and frequently asked questions on firm-size data. Additional
information about the Business Employment Dynamics data can be
found in the Technical Note of this release or may be obtained by
e-mailing BDMinfo@bls.gov.
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| The Business Employment Dynamics for Third Quarter 2010 are |
| scheduled to be released on Tuesday, May 3, 2011 at 10:00 a.m. (EDT) |
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Technical Note
The Business Employment Dynamics (BED) data are a product of a federal-
state cooperative program known as Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages
(QCEW), or the ES-202 program. The BED data are compiled by the U.S.
Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) from existing quarterly state unemployment
insurance (UI) records. Most employers in the U.S. are required to file
quarterly reports on the employment and wages of workers covered by UI
laws, and to pay quarterly UI taxes. The quarterly UI reports are sent by
the State Workforce Agencies (SWAs) to BLS and form the basis of the BLS
establishment universe sampling frame. These reports also are used to pro-
duce the quarterly QCEW data on total employment and wages and the longitu-
dinal BED data on gross job gains and losses. Other important BLS uses
of the UI reports are in the Current Employment Statistics (CES) program.
(See table below for differences between QCEW, CES, and BED.)
In the BED program, the quarterly UI records are linked across quarters
to provide a longitudinal history for each establishment. The linkage
process allows the tracking of net employment changes at the establishment
level, which in turn allows the estimation of jobs gained at opening and
expanding establishments and jobs lost at closing and contracting establish-
ments.
Differences between QCEW, BED, and CES employment measures
The BLS publishes three different establishment-based employment mea-
sures for any given quarter. Each of these measures--QCEW, BED, and CES--
makes use of the quarterly UI employment reports in producing data; how-
ever, each measure has a somewhat different universe coverage, estimation
procedure, and publication product.
Differences in coverage and estimation methods can result in somewhat
different measures of over-the-quarter employment change. It is important to
understand program differences and the intended uses of the program products.
(See table below.) Additional information on each program can be obtained
from the program Web sites shown in the table.
Summary of Major Differences between QCEW, BED, and CES Employment Measures
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| QCEW | BED | CES
-----------|---------------------|----------------------|------------------------
Source |--Count of UI admini-|--Count of longitudi- |--Sample survey:
| strative records | nally-linked UI ad- | 410,000 establish-
| submitted by 9.0 | ministrative records| ments
| million employers | submitted by 6.7 |
| | million private sec-|
| | tor employers |
-----------|---------------------|----------------------|------------------------
Coverage |--UI and UCFE cover- |--UI Coverage, exclud-|Nonfarm wage and sal-
| age: all employers| ing government, pri-| ary jobs:
| subject to state | vate households, and|--UI Coverage, exclud-
| and federal UI Laws| establishments with | ing agriculture, pri-
| | zero employment | vate households, and
| | | self-employed workers
| | |--Other employment, in-
| | | cluding railroads,
| | | religious organiza-
| | | tions, and other non-
| | | UI-covered jobs
-----------|---------------------|----------------------|------------------------
Publication|--Quarterly |--Quarterly |--Monthly
frequency | -7 months after the| -8 months after the | -Usually first Friday
| end of each quar- | end of each quarter| of following month
| ter | |
-----------|---------------------|----------------------|------------------------
Use of UI |--Directly summarizes|--Links each new UI |--Uses UI file as a sam-
file | and publishes each | quarter to longitu- | pling frame and annu-
| new quarter of UI | dinal database and | ally realigns (bench-
| data | directly summarizes | marks) sample esti-
| | gross job gains and | mates to first quar-
| | losses | ter UI levels
-----------|---------------------|----------------------|------------------------
Principal |--Provides a quarter-|--Provides quarterly |--Provides current month-
products | ly and annual uni- | employer dynamics | ly estimates of employ-
| verse count of es- | data on establish- | ment, hours, and earn-
| tablishments, em- | ment openings, clos-| ings at the MSA, state,
| ployment, and wages| ings, expansions, | and national level by
| at the county, MSA,| and contractions at | industry
| state, and national| the national level |
| levels by detailed | by NAICS super- |
| industry | sectors and by size |
| | of firm, and at the |
| | state private-sector|
| | total level |
| |--Future expansions |
| | will include data |
| | with greater in- |
| | dustry detail and |
| | data at the county |
| | and MSA level |
-----------|---------------------|----------------------|------------------------
Principal |--Major uses include:|--Major uses include: |--Major uses include:
uses | -Detailed locality | -Business cycle | -Principal national
| data | analysis | economic indicator
| -Periodic universe | -Analysis of employ-| -Official time series
| counts for bench- | er dynamics under- | for employment change
| marking sample | lying economic ex- | measures
| survey estimates | pansions and con- | -Input into other ma-
| -Sample frame for | tractions | jor economic indi-
| BLS establishment | -Analysis of employ-| cators
| surveys | ment expansion and |
| | contraction by size|
| | of firm |
| | |
-----------|---------------------|----------------------|------------------------
Program |--www.bls.gov/cew/ |--www.bls.gov/bdm/ |--www.bls.gov/ces/
Web sites | | |
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Coverage
Employment and wage data for workers covered by state UI and Unemployment
Compensation for Federal Employees (UCFE) laws are compiled from quarterly
contribution reports submitted to the SWAs by employers. In addition to the
quarterly contribution reports, employers who operate multiple establishments
within a state complete a questionnaire, called the "Multiple Worksite Report,"
which provides detailed information on the location of their establishments.
These reports are based on place of employment rather than place of residence.
UI and UCFE coverage is broad and basically comparable from state to state.
Major exclusions from UI coverage are self-employed workers, religious or-
ganizations, most agricultural workers on small farms, all members of the
Armed Forces, elected officials in most states, most employees of railroads,
some domestic workers, most student workers at schools, and employees of cer-
tain small nonprofit organizations.
Gross job gains and gross job losses in this release are derived from lon-
gitudinal histories of 6.7 million private sector employer reports out
of 9.0 million total reports of employment and wages submitted by states to
BLS in the first quarter of 2010. Gross job gains and gross job losses data
in this release do not report estimates for government employees or private
households (NAICS 814110) and do not include establishments with zero employ-
ment in both previous and current quarters. Data from Puerto Rico and the
Virgin Islands also are excluded from the national data. As an illustration,
the table below shows, in millions of establishments, the number of establish-
ments excluded from the gross job gains and gross job losses data in the
first quarter of 2010:
Number of active establishments included in
Business Employment Dynamics data at the
national level
Millions
Total establishments QCEW program....................................9.0
Excluded: Public sector.........................................0.3
Private households....................................0.7
Zero employment.......................................1.3
Establishments in Puerto Rico
and the Virgin Islands..............................0.0
(less than 50,000)
Total establishments included in Business
Employment Dynamics data.............................................6.7
Unit of analysis
Establishments are used in the tabulation of the BED statistics by in-
dustry and firms are used in the tabulation of the BED size class sta-
tistics. An establishment is defined as an economic unit that produces
goods or services, usually at a single physical location, and engages in
one or predominantly one activity. A firm is a legal business, either
corporate or otherwise, and may consist of several establishments. Firm-
level data are compiled based on an aggregation of establishments under
common ownership by a corporate parent using employer tax identification
numbers. The firm-level aggregation, which is consistent with the role of
corporations as the economic decision makers, is used for the measurement
of the BED data elements by size class.
Because of the difference in the unit of analysis, total gross job gains
and gross job losses by size class are lower than total gross job gains and
gross job losses by industry, as some establishment gains and losses within
a firm are offset during the aggregation process. However, the total net
changes in employment are the same for not seasonally adjusted data and are
similar for seasonally adjusted data.
Concepts and methodology
The Business Employment Dynamics data measure the net change in employ-
ment at the establishment or firm level. These changes come about in one
of four ways. A net increase in employment can come from either opening
units or expanding units. A net decrease in employment can come from either
closing units or contracting units. Gross job gains include the sum of all
jobs added at either opening or expanding units. Gross job losses include
the sum of all jobs lost in either closing or contracting units. The net
change in employment is the difference between gross job gains and gross
job losses.
The formal definitions of employment changes are as follows:
Openings. These are either units with positive third month employment for
the first time in the current quarter, with no links to the prior quarter, or
with positive third month employment in the current quarter, following zero em-
ployment in the previous quarter.
Expansions. These are units with positive employment in the third month
in both the previous and current quarters, with a net increase in employment
over this period.
Closings. These are units with positive third month employment in the pre-
vious quarter, with no employment or zero employment reported in the current
quarter.
Contractions. These are units with positive employment in the third month
in both the previous and current quarters, with a net decrease in employment
over this period.
Births. These are units with positive third month employment for the
first time in the current quarter with no links to the prior quarter, or
units with positive third month employment in the current quarter and zero
employment in the third month of the previous four quarters. Births are a
subset of openings not including re-openings of seasonal businesses.
Deaths. These are units with no employment or zero employment reported in
the third month of four consecutive quarters following the last quarter with
positive employment. Deaths are a subset of closings not including temporary
shutdowns of seasonal businesses. A unit that closes during the quarter may
be a death, but we wait three quarters to determine whether it is a permanent
closing or a temporary shutdown. Therefore, there is always a lag of three
quarters for the publication of death statistics.
All establishment-level employment changes are measured from the third
month of each quarter. Not all establishments and firms change their em-
ployment levels. Units with no change in employment count towards estimates
of total employment, but not for levels of gross employment job gains and
gross job losses.
Gross job gains and gross job losses are expressed as rates by dividing
their levels by the average of employment in the current and previous quar-
ters. This provides a symmetric growth rate. The rates are calculated for
the components of gross job gains and gross job losses and then summed to
form their respective totals. These rates can be added and subtracted just
as their levels can. For instance, the difference between the gross job
gains rate and the gross job losses rate is the net growth rate.
Establishment Births and Deaths
For the purpose of BED statistics, births are defined as establishments
that appear in the longitudinal database for the first time with positive
employment in the third month of a quarter, or showed four consecutive
quarters of zero employment in the third month followed by a quarter in
which it shows positive employment in the third month. Similarly, deaths
are defined as establishments that either drop out of the longitudinal
database or an establishment that had positive employment in the third month
of a given quarter followed by four consecutive quarters of showing zero
employment in the third month. Although the data for establishment births
and deaths are tabulated independently from the data for openings and
closings, the concepts are not mutually exclusive. An establishment that
is defined as a birth in a given quarter is necessarily an opening as well,
and an establishment defined as a death in a quarter must also be a closing.
Since openings include seasonal, and other, re-openings and closings include
temporary shutdowns, the not seasonally adjusted values for births and
deaths must be less than those openings and closings. However, because some
BED series do not have many re-openings or temporary shutdowns, as well as
the fact that births and deaths are independently seasonally adjusted from
openings and closings, there may be instances in which the seasonally
adjusted value of the former is greater than the latter.
Linkage methodology
Prior to the measurement of gross job gains and gross job losses, QCEW
records are linked across two quarters. The linkage process matches esta-
blishments' unique SWA identification numbers (SWA-ID). Between 95 to 97
percent of establishments identified as continuous from quarter to quarter
are matched by SWA-ID. The rest are linked in one of three ways. The first
method uses predecessor and successor information, identified by the states,
which relates records with different SWA-IDs across quarters. Predecessor
and successor relations can come about for a variety of reasons, including
a change in ownership, a firm restructuring, or a UI account restructuring.
If a match cannot be attained in this manner, a probability-based match is
used. This match attempts to identify two establishments with different SWA-
IDs as continuous. The match is based upon comparisons such as the same
name, address, and phone number. Third, an analyst examines unmatched re-
cords individually and makes a possible match.
In order to ensure the highest possible quality of data, SWAs verify with
employers and update, if necessary, the industry, location, and ownership
classification of all establishments on a 3-year cycle. Changes in establish-
ment classification codes resulting from the verification process are intro-
duced with the data reported for the first quarter of the year. Changes re-
sulting from improved employer reporting also are introduced in the first
quarter.
Sizing methodology
The method of dynamic sizing is used in calculations for the BED size-
class data series. Dynamic sizing allocates each firm's employment gain or
loss during a quarter to each respective size class in which the change
occurred. For example, if a firm grew from 2 employees in quarter 1 to 38
employees in quarter 2, then, of the 36-employee increase, 2 would be al-
located to the first size class, 5 to the size class 5 to 9, 10 to size
class 10 to 19, and 19 to size class 20 to 49.
Dynamic sizing provides symmetrical firm-size estimates and eliminates
any systematic effects which may be caused by the transitory and reverting
changes in firms' sizes over time. Additionally, it allocates each job
gain or loss to the actual size class where it occurred.
Annual Data
The annual gross job gains and gross job losses measure the net change
in employment at the establishment level from the third month of a quarter
in the previous year to the third month of the same quarter in the current
year. The BLS publishes annual BED data based on March-to-March changes
once a year with the release of the first quarter BED data. The annual
data based on over-the-year changes for other quarters of the year are
available upon request. The definitions and methodology in measuring
annual gross job gains and gross job losses are similar to the quarterly
measures. The linkage method considers all predecessor and successor
relations that may come about due to changes in ownership and corporate
restructuring over the entire year. At the establishment level, some of
the quarterly job gains and job losses are offset during the estimation
over the year. Therefore, the sum of four quarters of gross job gains
and gross job losses are not equal to annual gross job gains and gross
job losses. The net change in employment over the year, however, is
equal to the sum of four quarterly net changes on a not seasonally
adjusted basis.
Seasonal adjustment
Over the course of a year, the levels of employment and the associated
job flows undergo sharp fluctuations due to such seasonal events as changes
in the weather, reduced or expanded production, harvests, major holidays,
and the opening and closing of schools. The effect of such seasonal vari-
ation can be very large.
Because these seasonal events follow a more or less regular pattern each
year, their influence can be eliminated by adjusting these statistics from
quarter to quarter. These adjustments make nonseasonal developments, such as
declines in economic activity, easier to recognize. For example, the large
number of youths taking summer jobs is likely to obscure other changes that
have taken place in June relative to March, making it difficult to determine
if the level of economic activity has risen or declined. However, because
the effect of students finishing school in previous years is known, the
statistics for the current year can be adjusted to allow for a comparable
change. The adjusted figures provide a more useful tool with which to ana-
lyze changes in economic activity.
The employment data series for opening, expanding, closing, and contract-
ing units are independently seasonally adjusted; net changes are calculated
based on the difference between gross job gains and gross job losses. Simi-
larly, for industry data, the establishment counts data series for opening,
expanding, closing, and contracting establishments are independently adjusted,
and the net changes are calculated based on the difference between the number
of opening and closing establishments. Additionally, establishment and em-
ployment levels are independently seasonally adjusted to calculate the sea-
sonally adjusted rates. Concurrent seasonal adjustment is run using X-12
ARIMA. Seasonally adjusted data series for the total private sector are cal-
culated by summing the seasonally adjusted data for all sectors, including
the unclassified sector, which is not published separately.
The employment data series for opening, expanding, closing, and contracting
units for each of the 50 states and the District of Columbia are seasonally
adjusted at the total private level only. The sum of the state series for
opening, expanding, closing, and contracting units will not necessarily be
equal to the national total private series because of the independent seasonal
adjustment of these series.
The net over-the-quarter change derived by summing the BED component series
will differ from the net employment change estimated from the seasonally ad-
justed total private employment series from the CES program. The intended use
of BED statistics is to show the dynamic labor market changes that underlie
the net employment change statistic. As such, data users interested particu-
larly in the net employment change and not in the gross job flows underlying
this change should refer to CES data for over-the-quarter net employment
changes.
Reliability of the data
Since the data series on Business Employment Dynamics are based on admini-
strative rather than sample data, there are no issues related to sampling
error. Nonsampling error, however, still exists. Nonsampling errors can oc-
cur for many reasons, such as the employer submitting corrected employment
data after the end of the quarter or typographical errors made by businesses
when providing information. Such errors, however, are likely to be distri-
buted randomly throughout the dataset.
Changes in administrative data sometimes create complications for the
linkage process. This can result in overstating openings and closings while
understating expansions and contractions. The BLS continues to refine methods
for improving the linkage process to alleviate the effects of these compli-
cations.
The BED data series are subject to periodic minor changes based on correc-
tions in QCEW records, updates on predecessors and successors information, and
seasonal adjustment revisions.
Annual revisions are published each year with the release of the first quarter
data. These revisions cover the last four quarters of not seasonally adjusted
data and 5 years of seasonally adjusted data.
Additional statistics and other information
Several other programs within BLS produce closely related information.
The QCEW program, also known as the ES-202 program, provides both quarterly
and annual estimates of employment by state, county, and detailed industry.
News releases on quarterly county employment and wages are available upon
request from the Division of Administrative Statistics and Labor Turnover,
Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor, Washington, DC 20212;
telephone 202-691-6567; (http://www.bls.gov/cew/); (e-mail: QCEWInfo@bls.gov).
The CES program produces monthly estimates of employment, its net change,
and earnings by detailed industry. These estimates are part of the Employ-
ment Situation report put out monthly by BLS.
The Job Openings and Labor Turnover Survey (JOLTS) program provides month-
ly measures of job openings, as well as employee hires and separations.
Information in this release will be made available to sensory impaired in-
dividuals upon request. Voice phone: 202-691-5200; TDD message referral
number: 1-800-877-8339.
Table 1. Private sector gross job gains and job losses, seasonally adjusted
Total private
(In thousands)
Gross job gains Gross job losses
Year 3 months ended Net change(1) Total Expanding Opening Total Contracting Closing
establishments establishments establishments establishments
2000 March 827 8,849 6,960 1,889 8,022 6,342 1,680
June 503 8,479 6,794 1,685 7,976 6,373 1,603
September 324 8,525 6,756 1,769 8,201 6,479 1,722
December 251 8,351 6,673 1,678 8,100 6,444 1,656
2001 March -119 8,491 6,728 1,763 8,610 6,717 1,893
June -780 7,991 6,302 1,689 8,771 7,036 1,735
September -1,148 7,630 5,945 1,685 8,778 6,990 1,788
December -1,009 7,547 5,912 1,635 8,556 6,870 1,686
2002 March -10 8,071 6,298 1,773 8,081 6,434 1,647
June -30 7,868 6,145 1,723 7,898 6,274 1,624
September -151 7,630 6,039 1,591 7,781 6,248 1,533
December -241 7,483 5,938 1,545 7,724 6,185 1,539
2003 March -393 7,467 5,928 1,539 7,860 6,307 1,553
June -90 7,398 5,929 1,469 7,488 6,030 1,458
September 204 7,392 5,923 1,469 7,188 5,828 1,360
December 297 7,521 6,005 1,516 7,224 5,800 1,424
2004 March 470 7,715 6,204 1,511 7,245 5,795 1,450
June 644 7,754 6,235 1,519 7,110 5,639 1,471
September 206 7,633 6,060 1,573 7,427 5,888 1,539
December 757 7,844 6,243 1,601 7,087 5,663 1,424
2005 March 384 7,620 6,131 1,489 7,236 5,801 1,435
June 593 7,774 6,231 1,543 7,181 5,776 1,405
September 677 7,965 6,387 1,578 7,288 5,844 1,444
December 494 7,807 6,252 1,555 7,313 5,948 1,365
2006 March 806 7,726 6,293 1,433 6,920 5,635 1,285
June 424 7,789 6,273 1,516 7,365 5,998 1,367
September 45 7,495 6,057 1,438 7,450 6,098 1,352
December 462 7,765 6,241 1,524 7,303 5,954 1,349
2007 March 491 7,657 6,243 1,414 7,166 5,870 1,296
June 207 7,661 6,250 1,411 7,454 6,056 1,398
September -249 7,328 5,855 1,473 7,577 6,223 1,354
December 286 7,670 6,197 1,473 7,384 6,028 1,356
2008 March -275 7,172 5,778 1,394 7,447 6,083 1,364
June -520 7,285 5,878 1,407 7,805 6,332 1,473
September -966 6,888 5,521 1,367 7,854 6,469 1,385
December -1,814 6,720 5,357 1,363 8,534 7,041 1,493
2009 March -2,741 5,783 4,611 1,172 8,524 7,109 1,415
June -1,604 6,421 5,117 1,304 8,025 6,644 1,381
September -900 6,341 5,124 1,217 7,241 5,883 1,358
December -228 6,662 5,326 1,336 6,890 5,598 1,292
2010 March -311 6,110 4,996 1,114 6,421 5,231 1,190
June 728 6,935 5,682 1,253 6,207 5,064 1,143
(1) Net change is the difference between total gross job gains and total gross job losses.
Table 2. Private sector gross job gains and losses, as a percent of employment(1), seasonally adjusted
Total private
(Percent)
Gross job gains Gross job losses
Year 3 months ended Net change(2) Total Expanding Opening Total Contracting Closing
establishments establishments establishments establishments
2000 March .8 8.1 6.4 1.7 7.3 5.8 1.5
June .4 7.7 6.2 1.5 7.3 5.8 1.5
September .2 7.7 6.1 1.6 7.5 5.9 1.6
December .2 7.5 6.0 1.5 7.3 5.8 1.5
2001 March -.1 7.7 6.1 1.6 7.8 6.1 1.7
June -.8 7.2 5.7 1.5 8.0 6.4 1.6
September -1.1 6.9 5.4 1.5 8.0 6.4 1.6
December -1.0 7.0 5.5 1.5 8.0 6.4 1.6
2002 March .0 7.5 5.9 1.6 7.5 6.0 1.5
June .0 7.3 5.7 1.6 7.3 5.8 1.5
September -.1 7.1 5.6 1.5 7.2 5.8 1.4
December -.3 6.9 5.5 1.4 7.2 5.8 1.4
2003 March -.5 6.9 5.5 1.4 7.4 5.9 1.5
June .0 7.0 5.6 1.4 7.0 5.6 1.4
September .1 6.9 5.5 1.4 6.8 5.5 1.3
December .3 7.0 5.6 1.4 6.7 5.4 1.3
2004 March .5 7.2 5.8 1.4 6.7 5.4 1.3
June .6 7.2 5.8 1.4 6.6 5.2 1.4
September .3 7.1 5.6 1.5 6.8 5.4 1.4
December .7 7.2 5.7 1.5 6.5 5.2 1.3
2005 March .4 7.0 5.6 1.4 6.6 5.3 1.3
June .6 7.1 5.7 1.4 6.5 5.2 1.3
September .6 7.2 5.8 1.4 6.6 5.3 1.3
December .4 7.0 5.6 1.4 6.6 5.4 1.2
2006 March .8 6.9 5.6 1.3 6.1 5.0 1.1
June .4 6.9 5.6 1.3 6.5 5.3 1.2
September .1 6.7 5.4 1.3 6.6 5.4 1.2
December .3 6.8 5.5 1.3 6.5 5.3 1.2
2007 March .4 6.7 5.5 1.2 6.3 5.2 1.1
June .2 6.7 5.5 1.2 6.5 5.3 1.2
September -.3 6.4 5.1 1.3 6.7 5.5 1.2
December .2 6.7 5.4 1.3 6.5 5.3 1.2
2008 March -.2 6.3 5.1 1.2 6.5 5.3 1.2
June -.5 6.4 5.2 1.2 6.9 5.6 1.3
September -.8 6.1 4.9 1.2 6.9 5.7 1.2
December -1.6 6.0 4.8 1.2 7.6 6.3 1.3
2009 March -2.5 5.3 4.2 1.1 7.8 6.5 1.3
June -1.5 6.0 4.8 1.2 7.5 6.2 1.3
September -1.0 5.9 4.8 1.1 6.9 5.6 1.3
December -.1 6.4 5.1 1.3 6.5 5.3 1.2
2010 March -.3 5.8 4.7 1.1 6.1 5.0 1.1
June .7 6.6 5.4 1.2 5.9 4.8 1.1
(1) The rates measure gross job gains and gross job losses as a percentage
of the previous and current quarter employment levels.
(2) Net change is the difference between total gross job gains and total gross job losses.
Table 3: Private sector gross job gains and losses by industry, seasonally adjusted
Gross job gains and job losses Gross job gains and job losses
(in thousands) as a percent of employment
Category 3 months ended 3 months ended
June Sept. Dec. March June June Sept. Dec. March June
2009 2009 2009 2010 2010 2009 2009 2009 2010 2010
Total private(1)
Gross job gains 6,421 6,341 6,662 6,110 6,935 6.0 5.9 6.4 5.8 6.6
At expanding establishments 5,117 5,124 5,326 4,996 5,682 4.8 4.8 5.1 4.7 5.4
At opening establishments 1,304 1,217 1,336 1,114 1,253 1.2 1.1 1.3 1.1 1.2
Gross job losses 8,025 7,241 6,890 6,421 6,207 7.5 6.9 6.5 6.1 5.9
At contracting establishments 6,644 5,883 5,598 5,231 5,064 6.2 5.6 5.3 5.0 4.8
At closing establishments 1,381 1,358 1,292 1,190 1,143 1.3 1.3 1.2 1.1 1.1
Net employment change -1,604 -900 -228 -311 728 -1.5 -1.0 -.1 -.3 .7
Goods-producing
Gross job gains 1,273 1,343 1,313 1,266 1,461 6.4 7.0 6.9 6.7 7.8
At expanding establishments 1,052 1,136 1,080 1,072 1,238 5.3 5.9 5.7 5.7 6.6
At opening establishments 221 207 233 194 223 1.1 1.1 1.2 1.0 1.2
Gross job losses 2,147 1,675 1,590 1,459 1,305 10.8 8.7 8.4 7.8 7.0
At contracting establishments 1,848 1,385 1,321 1,204 1,082 9.3 7.2 7.0 6.4 5.8
At closing establishments 299 290 269 255 223 1.5 1.5 1.4 1.4 1.2
Net employment change -874 -332 -277 -193 156 -4.4 -1.7 -1.5 -1.1 .8
Natural resources and mining
Gross job gains 285 256 285 270 305 15.9 14.5 16.3 15.4 17.2
At expanding establishments 244 222 243 235 263 13.6 12.6 13.9 13.4 14.8
At opening establishments 41 34 42 35 42 2.3 1.9 2.4 2.0 2.4
Gross job losses 304 287 292 271 235 16.9 16.3 16.7 15.4 13.2
At contracting establishments 264 250 253 232 202 14.7 14.2 14.5 13.2 11.3
At closing establishments 40 37 39 39 33 2.2 2.1 2.2 2.2 1.9
Net employment change -19 -31 -7 -1 70 -1.0 -1.8 -.4 .0 4.0
Construction
Gross job gains 620 614 615 591 677 10.2 10.5 10.9 10.7 12.3
At expanding establishments 481 481 470 466 534 7.9 8.2 8.3 8.4 9.7
At opening establishments 139 133 145 125 143 2.3 2.3 2.6 2.3 2.6
Gross job losses 946 814 773 728 676 15.5 13.9 13.6 13.1 12.3
At contracting establishments 761 634 606 570 535 12.5 10.8 10.7 10.3 9.7
At closing establishments 185 180 167 158 141 3.0 3.1 2.9 2.8 2.6
Net employment change -326 -200 -158 -137 1 -5.3 -3.4 -2.7 -2.4 .0
Manufacturing
Gross job gains 368 473 413 405 479 3.0 4.0 3.6 3.5 4.1
At expanding establishments 327 433 367 371 441 2.7 3.7 3.2 3.2 3.8
At opening establishments 41 40 46 34 38 .3 .3 .4 .3 .3
Gross job losses 897 574 525 460 394 7.5 4.9 4.5 4.0 3.4
At contracting establishments 823 501 462 402 345 6.9 4.3 4.0 3.5 3.0
At closing establishments 74 73 63 58 49 .6 .6 .5 .5 .4
Net employment change -529 -101 -112 -55 85 -4.5 -.9 -.9 -.5 .7
Service-providing(1)
Gross job gains 5,148 4,998 5,349 4,844 5,474 5.9 5.8 6.2 5.6 6.3
At expanding establishments 4,065 3,988 4,246 3,924 4,444 4.7 4.6 4.9 4.5 5.1
At opening establishments 1,083 1,010 1,103 920 1,030 1.2 1.2 1.3 1.1 1.2
Gross job losses 5,878 5,566 5,300 4,962 4,902 6.7 6.4 6.2 5.8 5.7
At contracting establishments 4,796 4,498 4,277 4,027 3,982 5.5 5.2 5.0 4.7 4.6
At closing establishments 1,082 1,068 1,023 935 920 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.1 1.1
Net employment change -730 -568 49 -118 572 -.8 -.6 .0 -.2 .6
Wholesale trade
Gross job gains 240 235 259 248 280 4.3 4.3 4.7 4.6 5.2
At expanding establishments 191 188 203 201 232 3.4 3.4 3.7 3.7 4.3
At opening establishments 49 47 56 47 48 .9 .9 1.0 .9 .9
Gross job losses 355 306 283 274 248 6.3 5.5 5.1 5.0 4.5
At contracting establishments 288 238 220 213 191 5.1 4.3 4.0 3.9 3.5
At closing establishments 67 68 63 61 57 1.2 1.2 1.1 1.1 1.0
Net employment change -115 -71 -24 -26 32 -2.0 -1.2 -.4 -.4 .7
Retail trade
Gross job gains 871 832 816 784 892 5.9 5.7 5.7 5.4 6.2
At expanding establishments 734 700 702 676 766 5.0 4.8 4.9 4.7 5.3
At opening establishments 137 132 114 108 126 .9 .9 .8 .7 .9
Gross job losses 931 940 936 805 769 6.4 6.5 6.5 5.6 5.3
At contracting establishments 791 800 808 690 665 5.4 5.5 5.6 4.8 4.6
At closing establishments 140 140 128 115 104 1.0 1.0 .9 .8 .7
Net employment change -60 -108 -120 -21 123 -.5 -.8 -.8 -.2 .9
Transportation and warehousing
Gross job gains 186 188 220 183 216 4.6 4.7 5.5 4.7 5.4
At expanding establishments 152 159 187 157 183 3.8 4.0 4.7 4.0 4.6
At opening establishments 34 29 33 26 33 .8 .7 .8 .7 .8
Gross job losses 289 238 222 223 189 7.1 6.0 5.7 5.6 4.8
At contracting establishments 243 196 184 190 156 6.0 4.9 4.7 4.8 4.0
At closing establishments 46 42 38 33 33 1.1 1.1 1.0 .8 .8
Net employment change -103 -50 -2 -40 27 -2.5 -1.3 -.2 -.9 .6
Utilities
Gross job gains 12 12 11 9 11 2.2 2.2 2.0 1.6 2.0
At expanding establishments 11 11 10 8 10 2.0 2.0 1.8 1.4 1.8
At opening establishments 1 1 1 1 1 .2 .2 .2 .2 .2
Gross job losses 15 12 14 9 12 2.7 2.2 2.5 1.6 2.2
At contracting establishments 13 11 12 8 11 2.3 2.0 2.1 1.4 2.0
At closing establishments 2 1 2 1 1 .4 .2 .4 .2 .2
Net employment change -3 0 -3 0 -1 -.5 .0 -.5 .0 -.2
Information
Gross job gains 111 113 123 106 128 3.9 4.0 4.4 3.8 4.7
At expanding establishments 91 95 97 89 107 3.2 3.4 3.5 3.2 3.9
At opening establishments 20 18 26 17 21 .7 .6 .9 .6 .8
Gross job losses 158 161 144 130 129 5.6 5.8 5.2 4.7 4.7
At contracting establishments 135 131 121 111 109 4.8 4.7 4.4 4.0 4.0
At closing establishments 23 30 23 19 20 .8 1.1 .8 .7 .7
Net employment change -47 -48 -21 -24 -1 -1.7 -1.8 -.8 -.9 .0
Financial activities
Gross job gains 341 327 356 326 347 4.5 4.4 4.8 4.3 4.6
At expanding establishments 265 254 267 263 277 3.5 3.4 3.6 3.5 3.7
At opening establishments 76 73 89 63 70 1.0 1.0 1.2 .8 .9
Gross job losses 446 420 400 369 372 5.8 5.6 5.4 5.0 5.0
At contracting establishments 352 322 305 281 288 4.6 4.3 4.1 3.8 3.9
At closing establishments 94 98 95 88 84 1.2 1.3 1.3 1.2 1.1
Net employment change -105 -93 -44 -43 -25 -1.3 -1.2 -.6 -.7 -.4
Professional and business services
Gross job gains 1,144 1,152 1,368 1,125 1,340 6.9 7.1 8.3 6.8 8.1
At expanding establishments 903 929 1,100 920 1,096 5.4 5.7 6.7 5.6 6.6
At opening establishments 241 223 268 205 244 1.5 1.4 1.6 1.2 1.5
Gross job losses 1,474 1,302 1,184 1,130 1,144 8.9 8.0 7.2 6.8 6.9
At contracting establishments 1,176 1,031 920 898 890 7.1 6.3 5.6 5.4 5.4
At closing establishments 298 271 264 232 254 1.8 1.7 1.6 1.4 1.5
Net employment change -330 -150 184 -5 196 -2.0 -.9 1.1 .0 1.2
Education and health services
Gross job gains 773 769 825 730 767 4.2 4.1 4.5 3.9 4.1
At expanding establishments 649 650 685 619 655 3.5 3.5 3.7 3.3 3.5
At opening establishments 124 119 140 111 112 .7 .6 .8 .6 .6
Gross job losses 712 727 677 690 718 3.9 4.0 3.7 3.7 3.8
At contracting establishments 593 601 555 578 601 3.2 3.3 3.0 3.1 3.2
At closing establishments 119 126 122 112 117 .7 .7 .7 .6 .6
Net employment change 61 42 148 40 49 .3 .1 .8 .2 .3
Leisure and hospitality
Gross job gains 1,122 1,047 1,032 1,000 1,143 8.6 8.0 7.9 7.7 8.8
At expanding establishments 852 796 783 783 890 6.5 6.1 6.0 6.0 6.9
At opening establishments 270 251 249 217 253 2.1 1.9 1.9 1.7 1.9
Gross job losses 1,179 1,135 1,141 1,037 1,043 9.0 8.8 8.8 8.0 8.0
At contracting establishments 968 932 933 845 868 7.4 7.2 7.2 6.5 6.7
At closing establishments 211 203 208 192 175 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.5 1.3
Net employment change -57 -88 -109 -37 100 -.4 -.8 -.9 -.3 .8
Other services
Gross job gains 267 250 262 247 278 7.1 6.7 7.0 6.7 7.5
At expanding establishments 208 195 202 196 220 5.5 5.2 5.4 5.3 5.9
At opening establishments 59 55 60 51 58 1.6 1.5 1.6 1.4 1.6
Gross job losses 292 293 272 263 253 7.7 7.8 7.3 7.1 6.8
At contracting establishments 230 229 211 205 197 6.1 6.1 5.7 5.5 5.3
At closing establishments 62 64 61 58 56 1.6 1.7 1.6 1.6 1.5
Net employment change -25 -43 -10 -16 25 -.6 -1.1 -.3 -.4 .7
(1) Includes unclassified sector, not shown separately
Table 4. Private sector percentage share (1) of gross job gains and losses, seasonally adjusted
(Percent)
3 months ended
June 2009 Sept. 2009 Dec. 2009 March 2010 June 2010
Firm size 1 - 4 employees
Gross job gains............... 17.1 16.8 17.4 17.1 15.4
Expanding firms............ 8.0 7.9 7.6 8.0 7.3
Opening firms.............. 59.2 61.2 62.9 61.5 60.3
Gross job losses.............. 14.5 16.2 16.6 18.2 17.1
Contracting firms.......... 6.7 7.3 7.9 8.6 8.3
Closing firms.............. 61.7 62.8 61.5 65.0 63.6
Firm size 5 - 9 employees
Gross job gains............... 12.4 12.1 11.7 12.3 11.4
Expanding firms............ 11.6 11.3 10.9 11.6 10.6
Opening firms.............. 16.0 15.8 15.3 16.2 15.9
Gross job losses.............. 10.6 11.2 11.9 12.6 12.4
Contracting firms.......... 9.8 10.4 11.1 12.0 11.7
Closing firms.............. 15.8 15.7 15.7 15.3 16.2
Firm size 10 - 19 employees
Gross job gains............... 12.7 12.1 11.6 12.4 11.8
Expanding firms............ 13.0 12.4 12.0 12.7 12.0
Opening firms.............. 11.0 10.4 9.8 10.6 10.5
Gross job losses.............. 10.9 11.4 12.1 12.5 12.2
Contracting firms.......... 11.0 11.7 12.4 13.1 12.6
Closing firms.............. 10.1 9.8 10.3 9.7 9.9
Firm size 20 - 49 employees
Gross job gains............... 14.7 13.9 13.6 14.4 14.2
Expanding firms............ 16.1 15.1 14.9 15.7 15.3
Opening firms.............. 8.4 7.8 7.3 7.6 8.2
Gross job losses.............. 13.2 13.6 14.0 14.2 13.7
Contracting firms.......... 14.2 14.8 15.2 15.8 15.0
Closing firms.............. 7.4 7.0 7.6 6.7 6.5
Firm size 50 - 99 employees
Gross job gains............... 9.1 8.8 8.5 8.8 8.9
Expanding firms............ 10.5 10.0 9.8 10.2 10.1
Opening firms.............. 2.7 2.8 2.7 2.2 2.8
Gross job losses.............. 8.5 8.4 8.7 8.4 8.3
Contracting firms.......... 9.5 9.6 9.9 9.7 9.5
Closing firms.............. 2.6 2.3 2.5 2.1 2.2
Firm size 100 - 249 employees
Gross job gains............... 9.4 9.3 9.2 9.2 9.7
Expanding firms............ 11.2 10.8 10.9 10.9 11.2
Opening firms.............. 1.4 1.4 1.3 1.1 1.5
Gross job losses.............. 9.2 9.0 9.0 8.6 8.6
Contracting firms.......... 10.5 10.5 10.5 10.2 10.0
Closing firms.............. 1.4 1.2 1.5 .9 1.1
Firm size 250 - 499 employees
Gross job gains............... 5.6 5.6 5.4 5.5 5.8
Expanding firms............ 6.7 6.7 6.5 6.6 6.8
Opening firms.............. .4 .4 .3 .4 .3
Gross job losses.............. 5.8 5.7 5.4 4.9 5.2
Contracting firms.......... 6.7 6.7 6.4 5.9 6.1
Closing firms.............. .6 .4 .5 .2 .4
Firm size 500 - 999 employees
Gross job gains............... 4.4 4.8 4.4 4.6 4.9
Expanding firms............ 5.3 5.7 5.4 5.4 5.7
Opening firms.............. .2 .1 .1 .2 .3
Gross job losses.............. 5.2 4.7 4.6 4.1 4.5
Contracting firms.......... 6.0 5.6 5.4 4.9 5.4
Closing firms.............. .3 .2 .2 .1 .1
Firm size 1,000 or more employees
Gross job gains............... 14.5 16.6 18.2 15.7 17.8
Expanding firms............ 17.6 20.0 22.0 18.9 21.0
Opening firms.............. .5 .0 .2 .2 .2
Gross job losses.............. 22.0 19.8 17.7 16.5 18.0
Contracting firms.......... 25.6 23.5 21.1 19.9 21.4
Closing firms.............. .1 .5 .1 .0 .0
(1) Share measures the percent of the category represented by each firm size class,
and rates may not sum to 100.0 due to rounding.
Table 5. Private sector gross job gains and losses by state, seasonally adjusted
Gross job gains Gross job losses
State (3 months ended) (3 months ended)
June Sept. Dec. March June June Sept. Dec. March June
2009 2009 2009 2010 2010 2009 2009 2009 2010 2010
United States1..... 6,421,000 6,341,000 6,662,000 6,110,000 6,935,000 8,025,000 7,241,000 6,890,000 6,421,000 6,207,000
Alabama..... 84,427 86,122 86,379 82,695 90,438 107,020 103,661 92,544 83,327 83,971
Alaska..... 25,541 22,773 24,288 25,078 26,302 25,071 24,951 25,288 23,147 21,772
Arizona..... 115,874 127,354 131,273 116,334 120,892 166,696 143,497 140,298 123,728 126,749
Arkansas..... 51,935 55,002 57,989 52,233 59,161 68,745 62,142 54,247 49,809 52,001
California..... 779,930 760,570 845,478 759,025 877,920 982,275 942,350 831,793 816,085 775,156
Colorado..... 120,243 117,376 122,327 117,669 134,977 152,052 138,028 132,705 124,210 125,355
Connecticut..... 71,988 70,301 70,946 66,227 84,589 87,054 80,384 77,470 81,300 67,402
Delaware..... 21,917 18,960 20,397 19,505 23,200 24,535 23,740 24,289 20,984 18,817
District of Columbia 24,915 23,127 26,592 23,480 26,793 27,823 26,867 24,332 21,514 23,153
Florida..... 391,465 404,628 440,522 362,571 417,808 493,113 484,765 448,286 370,546 398,220
Georgia..... 205,284 190,528 204,380 197,155 210,870 259,305 229,914 215,423 195,344 206,776
Hawaii..... 23,451 24,230 24,368 23,639 23,154 30,432 27,797 25,953 25,062 27,020
Idaho..... 38,283 39,554 38,431 35,560 36,170 48,675 38,929 40,220 38,578 39,976
Illinois..... 246,810 236,220 255,104 229,254 268,855 324,057 285,983 275,576 243,415 231,470
Indiana..... 129,098 143,632 134,249 129,707 144,840 177,927 142,079 135,204 125,181 130,048
Iowa..... 68,686 66,045 68,771 63,734 66,021 81,401 72,674 74,300 65,573 64,302
Kansas..... 58,666 57,332 62,377 55,897 62,950 80,690 67,642 67,646 61,303 60,033
Kentucky..... 81,454 84,435 89,347 77,786 86,562 103,021 90,271 86,416 83,376 80,238
Louisiana..... 92,714 98,620 100,019 95,060 103,774 122,894 112,255 103,173 94,395 99,189
Maine..... 37,139 36,365 35,430 30,442 37,089 39,573 36,687 37,779 34,497 35,250
Maryland..... 127,520 117,084 119,515 124,598 137,676 138,482 137,169 132,550 125,093 118,452
Massachusetts..... 154,078 147,604 145,704 145,413 161,032 169,339 160,301 160,961 143,996 137,623
Michigan..... 206,933 232,306 210,533 183,635 221,292 304,525 222,019 228,170 191,162 184,025
Minnesota..... 132,666 126,020 123,644 120,648 137,671 156,444 139,662 132,265 131,091 113,426
Mississippi..... 48,855 51,467 51,744 50,450 55,735 65,129 58,923 52,347 49,877 53,286
Missouri..... 123,254 124,865 122,278 123,242 131,143 157,408 143,070 132,033 129,143 129,992
Montana..... 27,363 25,345 27,841 25,855 26,844 29,118 27,383 29,098 27,670 26,442
Nebraska..... 39,998 39,640 40,153 39,893 44,594 47,980 42,323 46,789 40,899 39,950
Nevada..... 55,091 58,646 68,915 51,824 60,877 81,824 74,075 66,626 65,187 55,657
New Hampshire..... 35,768 33,238 33,650 34,318 36,515 40,800 36,849 36,107 35,737 33,092
New Jersey..... 212,882 187,286 196,657 176,313 224,190 229,390 217,472 210,510 193,790 190,949
New Mexico..... 39,134 39,429 37,662 37,821 40,218 50,040 42,791 42,496 37,739 40,379
New York..... 432,347 402,733 420,489 373,307 460,370 495,342 440,840 428,924 390,777 398,109
North Carolina..... 190,464 189,566 196,885 182,350 203,715 247,884 213,945 213,043 188,187 187,704
North Dakota..... 19,353 19,688 19,816 19,787 20,384 19,393 18,154 19,189 18,824 18,476
Ohio..... 233,452 236,910 234,522 219,390 249,715 319,866 262,345 255,910 228,984 217,712
Oklahoma..... 67,104 67,384 68,999 66,668 74,136 95,963 84,628 76,133 66,249 63,918
Oregon..... 87,457 87,415 89,357 87,342 87,560 107,811 94,954 96,934 87,279 85,849
Pennsylvania..... 256,071 255,221 267,074 249,634 280,379 306,124 286,693 274,524 248,312 234,954
Rhode Island..... 24,992 22,109 23,191 22,628 26,103 26,660 26,578 24,865 21,893 25,469
South Carolina..... 86,102 84,871 85,984 87,466 96,184 110,584 96,487 92,731 82,707 86,190
South Dakota..... 20,773 19,792 19,762 19,139 21,984 24,006 21,277 21,189 21,608 19,021
Tennessee..... 118,348 116,655 121,455 108,572 134,652 157,260 136,883 119,337 111,023 118,770
Texas..... 439,009 441,368 476,502 467,608 492,190 592,395 512,968 484,059 434,114 448,103
Utah..... 62,938 63,095 65,512 63,614 66,317 81,966 71,601 67,768 63,688 63,939
Vermont..... 17,600 16,606 19,496 15,542 17,791 20,181 17,421 18,017 17,756 20,659
Virginia..... 168,871 160,078 166,982 151,244 186,533 198,841 183,506 168,916 162,007 166,993
Washington..... 156,533 158,859 151,742 153,771 156,299 187,414 171,447 181,151 155,633 146,072
West Virginia..... 33,270 33,315 37,101 33,246 37,055 44,133 37,630 34,836 34,478 35,887
Wisconsin..... 125,603 122,694 130,553 125,693 134,910 158,994 141,594 138,015 129,422 121,104
Wyoming..... 16,081 17,008 16,108 17,159 17,405 25,196 18,099 18,573 18,274 17,953
Puerto Rico..... 37,741 41,636 45,647 38,617 37,160 51,493 44,872 41,169 44,755 43,997
Virgin Islands..... 1,711 1,931 2,361 2,632 2,006 2,610 2,190 1,899 1,897 2,825
(1) Totals for the United States do not include data for Puerto Rico or the Virgin Islands.
Table 6. Private sector gross job gains and losses as a percent of total employment by state, seasonally adjusted
Gross job gains as a percent of employment Gross job losses as a percent of employment
State (3 months ended) (3 months ended)
June Sept. Dec. March June June Sept. Dec. March June
2009 2009 2009 2010 2010 2009 2009 2009 2010 2010
United States1..... 6.0 5.9 6.4 5.8 6.6 7.5 6.9 6.5 6.1 5.9
Alabama..... 5.7 6.0 6.0 5.8 6.3 7.3 7.1 6.4 5.8 5.8
Alaska..... 10.9 9.7 10.3 10.6 11.1 10.6 10.7 10.8 9.8 9.2
Arizona..... 5.7 6.4 6.7 5.9 6.2 8.3 7.2 7.1 6.3 6.4
Arkansas..... 5.6 6.0 6.3 5.7 6.3 7.3 6.7 5.9 5.4 5.6
California..... 6.5 6.4 7.2 6.5 7.5 8.2 8.0 7.1 7.0 6.6
Colorado..... 6.5 6.5 6.8 6.5 7.5 8.3 7.6 7.3 6.9 7.0
Connecticut..... 5.3 5.2 5.3 4.9 6.3 6.4 5.9 5.7 6.0 5.0
Delaware..... 6.3 5.5 6.0 5.8 6.9 7.2 7.0 7.2 6.3 5.6
District of Columbia.. 5.6 5.3 6.0 5.3 6.0 6.2 6.2 5.5 4.9 5.2
Florida..... 6.4 6.7 7.3 6.1 7.0 8.0 7.9 7.4 6.2 6.6
Georgia..... 6.5 6.2 6.6 6.4 6.9 8.3 7.4 7.0 6.4 6.7
Hawaii..... 5.0 5.2 5.2 5.1 5.0 6.5 5.9 5.5 5.4 5.8
Idaho..... 7.7 8.0 7.8 7.2 7.4 9.8 7.8 8.1 7.8 8.2
Illinois..... 5.1 5.0 5.5 4.9 5.7 6.8 6.1 5.9 5.3 4.9
Indiana..... 5.6 6.3 5.8 5.7 6.3 7.7 6.2 5.9 5.5 5.7
Iowa..... 5.7 5.5 5.8 5.4 5.5 6.8 6.1 6.2 5.5 5.4
Kansas..... 5.5 5.5 6.0 5.4 6.0 7.5 6.4 6.5 5.8 5.7
Kentucky..... 5.8 6.0 6.4 5.6 6.2 7.2 6.5 6.2 5.9 5.7
Louisiana..... 6.2 6.7 6.7 6.4 7.0 8.2 7.5 7.0 6.4 6.7
Maine..... 7.8 7.6 7.4 6.4 7.8 8.2 7.6 8.0 7.3 7.4
Maryland..... 6.4 5.9 6.1 6.4 7.0 7.0 6.9 6.8 6.4 6.0
Massachusetts..... 5.7 5.5 5.5 5.4 6.0 6.3 6.0 6.0 5.4 5.1
Michigan..... 6.5 7.4 6.7 5.9 7.0 9.5 7.1 7.2 6.1 5.8
Minnesota..... 6.0 5.8 5.7 5.6 6.3 7.1 6.4 6.1 6.1 5.2
Mississippi..... 5.8 6.2 6.3 6.1 6.7 7.8 7.1 6.4 6.0 6.4
Missouri..... 5.6 5.8 5.7 5.8 6.1 7.2 6.6 6.2 6.0 6.1
Montana..... 8.0 7.5 8.3 7.7 8.1 8.5 8.1 8.6 8.2 7.9
Nebraska..... 5.4 5.4 5.5 5.4 6.0 6.4 5.7 6.3 5.6 5.4
Nevada..... 5.5 6.0 7.2 5.4 6.4 8.3 7.6 6.9 6.7 5.8
New Hampshire..... 6.9 6.5 6.6 6.7 7.1 7.9 7.1 7.0 7.0 6.5
New Jersey..... 6.7 5.9 6.2 5.6 7.2 7.2 6.8 6.7 6.2 6.1
New Mexico..... 6.5 6.6 6.3 6.4 6.8 8.2 7.2 7.1 6.4 6.8
New York..... 6.3 5.9 6.1 5.5 6.7 7.2 6.4 6.3 5.7 5.7
North Carolina..... 6.1 6.1 6.4 5.9 6.6 7.8 6.9 6.9 6.1 6.0
North Dakota..... 6.9 6.9 7.0 7.0 7.1 6.8 6.4 6.7 6.5 6.4
Ohio..... 5.5 5.7 5.6 5.3 6.0 7.6 6.2 6.2 5.5 5.3
Oklahoma..... 5.6 5.8 6.0 5.8 6.4 8.1 7.3 6.6 5.8 5.5
Oregon..... 6.6 6.7 6.8 6.7 6.7 8.1 7.2 7.4 6.6 6.6
Pennsylvania..... 5.3 5.4 5.7 5.3 5.9 6.4 6.0 5.9 5.3 5.0
Rhode Island..... 6.4 5.7 6.1 5.9 6.8 6.8 6.9 6.5 5.6 6.6
South Carolina..... 6.0 6.0 6.1 6.3 6.8 7.7 6.9 6.6 5.9 6.0
South Dakota..... 6.6 6.2 6.3 6.1 7.0 7.6 6.7 6.7 6.8 6.0
Tennessee..... 5.5 5.5 5.7 5.1 6.3 7.2 6.4 5.6 5.2 5.6
Texas..... 5.3 5.3 5.8 5.7 5.9 7.1 6.2 5.8 5.3 5.4
Utah..... 6.5 6.6 6.9 6.8 7.1 8.5 7.6 7.2 6.8 6.8
Vermont..... 7.4 6.9 8.2 6.5 7.5 8.4 7.3 7.5 7.4 8.8
Virginia..... 5.9 5.6 5.9 5.4 6.6 6.9 6.5 5.9 5.8 5.9
Washington..... 6.9 7.1 6.7 6.9 7.0 8.2 7.6 8.1 7.0 6.6
West Virginia..... 6.0 6.1 6.8 6.0 6.7 7.9 6.8 6.4 6.3 6.6
Wisconsin..... 5.6 5.4 5.9 5.6 6.1 7.0 6.3 6.2 5.8 5.5
Wyoming..... 7.6 8.3 7.8 8.4 8.6 11.9 8.8 9.0 8.9 8.8
Puerto Rico..... 5.5 6.2 6.7 5.7 5.5 7.5 6.7 6.1 6.7 6.5
Virgin Islands..... 5.6 6.4 7.8 8.5 6.5 8.5 7.2 6.3 6.1 9.1
(1) Totals for the United States do not include data for Puerto Rico or the Virgin Islands.
Table 7. Private sector establishment births and deaths, seasonally adjusted
Total private
(Levels in thousands)
Number of Establishments Employment
Births Deaths(1) Births Deaths
Year 3 months ended Level Rate(2) Level Rate Level Rate Level Rate
2000 March 213 3.4 186 3.0 1,235 1.1 1,125 1.0
June 204 3.3 180 2.9 1,137 1.0 1,058 1.0
September 209 3.3 199 3.2 1,159 1.1 1,160 1.1
December 200 3.2 194 3.1 1,139 1.0 1,105 1.0
2001 March 206 3.3 203 3.2 1,187 1.1 1,303 1.2
June 204 3.2 204 3.2 1,146 1.0 1,226 1.1
September 204 3.2 207 3.3 1,151 1.1 1,219 1.1
December 194 3.1 200 3.2 1,109 1.0 1,142 1.1
2002 March 204 3.2 190 3.0 1,175 1.1 1,089 1.0
June 208 3.3 187 2.9 1,189 1.1 1,080 1.0
September 199 3.1 184 2.9 1,051 1.0 1,023 1.0
December 201 3.1 191 3.0 1,023 1.0 1,021 1.0
2003 March 193 3.0 186 2.9 1,004 .9 1,011 .9
June 191 3.0 186 2.9 964 .9 951 .9
September 193 3.0 179 2.8 954 .9 884 .8
December 200 3.1 180 2.8 998 .9 910 .9
2004 March 207 3.2 180 2.8 1,000 .9 917 .9
June 203 3.1 185 2.8 980 .9 909 .8
September 209 3.2 186 2.8 1,016 .9 953 .9
December 210 3.2 180 2.7 997 .9 894 .8
2005 March 209 3.1 185 2.8 944 .9 852 .8
June 216 3.2 180 2.7 951 .9 841 .8
September 221 3.3 186 2.8 996 .9 884 .8
December 221 3.3 186 2.8 979 .9 846 .8
2006 March 220 3.2 180 2.6 922 .8 743 .7
June 219 3.2 194 2.8 973 .9 843 .7
September 210 3.1 196 2.9 927 .8 837 .7
December 221 3.2 193 2.8 966 .9 809 .7
2007 March 214 3.1 193 2.8 891 .8 764 .7
June 204 2.9 201 2.9 883 .8 851 .7
September 218 3.1 203 2.9 945 .8 840 .7
December 209 3.0 207 3.0 906 .8 831 .7
2008 March 207 3.0 210 3.0 889 .8 809 .7
June 199 2.9 228 3.3 876 .8 936 .8
September 192 2.8 223 3.2 831 .7 882 .8
December 188 2.7 240 3.5 806 .7 952 .9
2009 March 172 2.5 235 3.4 696 .6 844 .8
June 176 2.6 226 3.3 740 .7 831 .8
September 169 2.5 216 3.2 693 .7 793 .7
December 184 2.7 N/A N/A 716 .7 N/A N/A
2010 March 172 2.5 N/A N/A 661 .6 N/A N/A
June 172 2.6 N/A N/A 698 .7 N/A N/A
(1) Values for deaths are not available for the most recent three quarters
by definition. See the Technical Note for more information.
(2) The rates measure births and deaths as a percentage
of the average of the previous and current quarter employment levels or
total number of establishments.
United States Department of Labor
