Total Factor Productivity for Detailed Industries News Release

For release 10:00 a.m. (ET) Thursday, August 25, 2022										  	  USDL-22-1714

Technical Information:	(202) 691-5606  •  productivity@bls.gov •  www.bls.gov/productivity
Media Contact:			(202) 691-5902  •  PressOffice@bls.gov


					TOTAL FACTOR PRODUCTIVITY FOR DETAILED INDUSTRIES - 2020


Total factor productivity-defined as output per unit of combined inputs--fell in 60 of the 86 4-digit NAICS 
manufacturing industries in 2020, the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics reported today. In 2019 total factor 
productivity decreased in 56 manufacturing industries. Among transportation industries, total factor 
productivity decreased in both air transportation and line-haul railroads in 2020. 

Six of the eight largest 4-digit NAICS manufacturing industries (those with employment over 370,000) had 
decreasing total factor productivity in 2020. Only the printing and related support activities and 
semiconductors and electronic components industries had rising total factor productivity among the eight. 
Output fell from 2019 in all those industries except semiconductors and electronic components. The largest 
output decline among those industries occurred in aerospace products and parts (-19.0 percent). 
 
Six out of the 60 manufacturing industries with falling total factor productivity in 2020 had declines of 
more than 7.0 percent: 

	•	Clay products and refractories (-9.9 percent)
	•	Aerospace products and parts (-9.3 percent)
	•	Forging and stamping (-8.3 percent)
	•	Cut and sew apparel (-7.3 percent)
	•	Turbine and power transmission equipment (-7.3 percent)
	•	Coating, engraving, and heat treating metals (-7.3 percent)
	
Only six manufacturing industries posted total factor productivity gains greater than 5.0 percent (see 
table 1):
 
	•	Agricultural chemicals (+8.5 percent)
	•	Other wood products (+7.0 percent)
	•	Sawmills and wood preservation (+6.2 percent)
	•	Iron and steel mills and ferroalloys (+5.9 percent)
	•	Computer and peripheral equipment (+5.6 percent)
	•	Ship and boat building (+5.5 percent)
	
Total factor productivity decreased in each of the two measured transportation industries: 
	
	•	Air transportation (-45.8 percent)
	•	Line-haul railroads (-10.1 percent)
	
	
Total Factor Productivity: Definition and Concepts

Changes in total factor productivity show the relationship between changes in real output and changes in 
the combined inputs of labor, capital, and intermediate inputs (energy, materials, and purchased services) 
used to produce that output. 

A variety of factors that influence economic growth are not specifically accounted for among measured 
inputs, including technological change, returns to scale, enhancements in managerial and staff skills, 
changes in the organization of production, and other efficiency improvements. Total factor productivity 
reflects these factors. See the technical note for more information.


Components of Total Factor Productivity Growth: Output and Combined Inputs

In 2020, output decreased in all but 14 of 86 manufacturing industries, compared to 18 industries in 2019. 
Among the 14 industries that posted gains, output increased by 3.0 percent or more in the following four 
industries in 2020:

	•	Animal food (+4.7 percent)
	•	Grain and oilseed milling (+4.2 percent) 
	•	Agricultural chemicals (+4.1 percent)
	•	Sawmills and wood preservation (+4.0 percent)

Combined inputs of capital, labor, and intermediate inputs fell in 75 out of 86 manufacturing industries 
in 2020, compared to 53 in 2019. Most industries saw declines in hours worked (74 industries) and 
intermediate inputs (70 industries). Capital usage also fell in 56 of the manufacturing industries.

Of the ten industries with rising combined inputs in 2020, the five with the largest gains were:

	•	Grain and oilseed milling (+7.6 percent)
	•	Animal food (+3.6 percent)
	•	Animal slaughtering and processing (+3.1 percent)
	•	Dairy products (+1.7 percent)
	•	Other leather products (+1.2 percent) 

In four manufacturing industries, total factor productivity rose more than 2.5 percent despite falling 
output as combined inputs fell more rapidly. This occurred in: 

	•	Iron and steel mills and ferroalloys (+5.9 percent)
	•	Computer and peripheral equipment (+5.6 percent)
	•	Audio and video equipment (+4.7 percent)
	•	Other nonferrous metal production (+4.4 percent)

Total factor productivity in both measured transportation industries declined because output fell more 
rapidly than combined input usage. In the air transportation industry, output declined 60.4 percent and 
combined inputs decreased 26.9 percent in 2020. In line-haul railroads, output declined 16.7 percent and 
combined inputs decreased 7.3 percent.


Trends in Total Factor Productivity for Selected Time Periods

Both year-to-year movements and long-term trends in industry total factor productivity may reflect 
cyclical changes in the economy. This was particularly true in 2020 due to onset of the COVID-19 pandemic. 
While long-term average annual percent changes in total factor productivity are affected by economic 
conditions such as the pandemic, these historical trends are nevertheless more reliable indicators of 
industry performance. 

More industries saw total factor productivity growth over the long term than the short term. Over the 
long-term period from 1987 to 2020, total factor productivity grew in 56 manufacturing industries, 
compared to only 26 from 2019 to 2020. (See tables 1 and 2.) Average annual rates of change in total 
factor productivity for nearly all manufacturing industries ranged between -2.0 percent and +2.0 percent 
over the long term. In contrast, total factor productivity declined by 2.0 percent or more in 39 
industries in 2020. No industry saw an average annual decline of that magnitude from 1987 to 2020. 

Although the distribution of total factor productivity growth for all the manufacturing industries may 
change significantly annually, in the long run, the overwhelming majority of industries are clustered 
between 0.1 and 1.0 percent. 

If we exclude the impact of the pandemic in 2020, 61 manufacturing industries had positive total factor 
productivity growth from 1987-2019 compared to just 28 from 2018 to 2019. Only six industries had 
long-term trends change from positive growth in 1987-2019 to flat or negative values when the period was 
extended an additional year to 1987-2020. This sign change occurred in relatively few industries despite 
the large number of industries (39) with single-year total factor productivity declines of at least 2.0 
percent in 2020.

Between 1987 and 2020, the number of manufacturing industries with growth in total factor productivity was 
highest in 1992, 2003, and 2010. These were years of economic growth following recessions. In contrast, 
relatively few manufacturing industries saw total factor productivity growth in the recession years of 
2001, 2009, and 2020. 
 
Average annual percent changes in total factor productivity by industry for sub periods between 1987 and 
2020 are shown in table 3. The sub period from 1990 to 1995 saw the greatest number of manufacturing 
industries with total factor productivity growth.

From 1987 to 2020, total factor productivity fell in air transportation by an average annual rate of 0.6 
percent but rose in line-haul railroads by 1.3 percent. (See table 2.) Air transportation 
total factor productivity grew at an average annual rate 1.3 percent for the period prior to the pandemic, 
1987-2019. This change in the long-term trend largely occurred because single-year output growth in air 
transportation went from a 4.0 percent increase in 2019 to a 60.4 percent decline in 2020. Similarly, 
single-year output in line-haul railroads deepened from a 3.6 percent decline in 2019 to fall 16.7 percent 
in 2020. However, this change had a smaller effect on the long-term trend of total factor productivity, 
which averaged 1.7 percent annually in the pre-pandemic 1987-2019 period compared to 1.3 percent from 
1987-2020.

 
Total Factor Productivity as a Source of Labor Productivity Growth

Total factor productivity measures differ from the BLS labor productivity measures because they compare 
output to the combined inputs of hours worked, capital, and intermediate purchases. Labor productivity 
relates output only to hours worked. Mathematically, an industry’s labor productivity is equal to total 
factor productivity plus the effects of factor substitution; that is, the combined effects of changes in 
weighted capital services relative to hours worked and weighted intermediate inputs relative to hours 
worked. These factor substitutions are referred to as contribution of capital intensity and contribution 
of intermediate inputs intensity. 

Seventy-nine out of the 86 manufacturing industries posted gains in labor productivity from 1987 to 2020. 
Among these industries, substitution of intermediate inputs for labor was the leading source of labor 
productivity growth. (See table 4.) Growth in the contribution of intermediate purchases intensity occurs 
when firms purchase a greater share of materials instead of using their own labor. Contribution of 
intermediate inputs intensity may also rise when firms substitute contracted labor for payroll labor. 

Between 2000 and 2007, total factor productivity growth was the predominant source of labor 
productivity growth in the manufacturing industries. In contrast, labor productivity growth was driven 
mostly by contribution of intermediate inputs intensity in the other two sub periods.
 
Strong growth in total factor productivity was the dominant source of labor productivity growth in 
industries that manufacture computers and electronic products (computer and peripheral equipment, 
semiconductors and electronic components, and audio and video equipment) and line-haul railroads. The 
remaining manufacturing industries with high average annual growth in labor productivity were mostly 
fueled by the contribution of intermediate inputs intensity. 

Over the long-term period of 1987-2019 that excludes the pandemic, 12 of the 14 industries with the 
greatest average labor productivity growth are the same as those in the 1987-2020 period. Both industries 
that fell out of this group, air transportation and railroad rolling stock, had large declines in labor 
productivity in 2020: -56.5 percent in air transportation and -16.2 in railroad rolling stock. 

 
Additional Information

More information about the North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) can be found at 
www.census.gov/naics/.

Access the productivity data dashboard at 
www.bls.gov/productivity/tables/labor-productivity-detailed-industries.xlsx for

	•	Additional industries and sectors
	•	Detailed data series: indexes of total factor productivity and related measures; rates of change; 
		and levels of industry employment, hours worked, nominal value of production, and labor compensation
	•	Additional years and long-term data

More information from the BLS Productivity program is available at www.bls.gov/productivity/.

	•	More detailed capital and intermediate inputs data available upon request

Subscribe to productivity news releases on the BLS website at 
public.govdelivery.com/accounts/USDOLBLS/subscriber/new.

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Technical Note

Total Factor Productivity:  Total factor productivity measures are derived by dividing an index of real 
industry output by an index of the combined inputs of labor, capital, and intermediate inputs. The total 
factor productivity indexes do not measure the specific contributions of capital, labor, and intermediate 
inputs. Rather, they reflect the joint influences on economic growth of a number of factors that are not 
specifically accounted for on the input side, including technological change, returns to scale, improved 
skills of the workforce, better management techniques, or other efficiency improvements.

Output:  Manufacturing industry output is measured as annual sectoral output, the total value, in real 
terms, of goods and services produced for sale outside the industry. Industry value of production is 
derived by adjusting industry shipments for changes in inventories and subtracting intra-industry transfers 
and resales. For most manufacturing industries, real output is measured by deflating nominal value of 
production, but for some industries physical quantities of output are measured. For air transportation 
and line-haul railroads, output is measured by aggregating passenger-miles and freight ton-miles with 
weights based on revenues or operating expenses.  

Output measures for manufacturing industries are constructed using data primarily from the economic 
censuses and annual surveys of the Bureau of the Census, U.S. Department of Commerce, together with 
information on price changes chiefly from the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS). Output measures for air 
transportation and line-haul railroads are constructed using data primarily from the Bureau of 
Transportation Statistics (BTS) and the Surface Transportation Board (STB), both in the U.S. Department of 
Transportation (DOT), together with information from the Association of American Railroads (AAR), AMTRAK, 
and several other sources.  

Combined Inputs:  The index of combined inputs is a Törnqvist index of separate quantity indexes of capital, 
labor, and intermediate inputs (including fuels, electricity, materials, and purchased services). The 
annual growth rates of the various inputs are aggregated using their relative cost shares as weights. The 
labor weight is based on labor compensation, including fringe benefits. The weight for intermediate inputs 
is based on the total cost of materials, fuels, electricity, and purchased services. The capital weight is 
based on total capital cost, which is calculated as the value of sectoral production minus the costs of 
labor compensation and intermediate inputs.

Capital Input:  Capital input reflects the flow of services derived from the stock of physical assets. 
Capital services are estimated by calculating productive capital stocks and are assumed to be proportional 
to changes in these capital stocks for each asset. The capital index is a Törnqvist index of separate 
quantity indexes of equipment, structures, inventories, and land. 

For manufacturing industries, physical capital is comprised of 24 categories of equipment, 10 categories 
of structures, 3 categories of inventories, and land. Measures of total capital services for each industry 
are estimated by aggregating the capital stocks of individual asset types. Estimates of investment by asset 
type for each industry are derived using annual capital expenditures for detailed industries from the 
economic censuses and annual surveys of the Bureau of the Census. Additional annual investment data comes 
from the fixed asset accounts from the Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA).

Annual investment data is supplemented with the 1997 benchmark capital flow table from the BEA as well as 
the 2008, 2012, and 2017 Annual Capital Expenditures Surveys from the Bureau of the Census. Price changes 
are removed from the annual investment data before calculating stocks. Price deflators for each asset 
category are constructed by combining detailed price indexes (mostly BLS Producer Price Indexes) with 
weights that reflect each industry’s use of individual asset commodities.

The capital stocks for the different assets are combined using weights based on estimated annual rental 
prices for each asset type, averaged between two time periods. Each rental price reflects the nominal rate 
of return to all assets within the industry and the rates of economic depreciation and revaluation of the 
specific asset. Rental prices are adjusted for the effects of taxes. 

For air transportation, a weighted index combining 23 categories of airframes and 21 categories of engines 
is derived from annual carrier operating inventories reported to BTS. For assets other than airframes and 
engines, capital stocks are calculated similarly to manufacturing industries. For these assets, a more 
detailed breakdown of annual expenditures on equipment and structures from the BEA is used. Inventories of 
parts and supplies are also included; the current dollar series is deflated with a weighted cost index based 
on data from Airlines for America (A4A) and BTS. Indexes for aircraft and engines, non-aircraft assets, and 
parts and supplies inventories are aggregated using cost share weights to derive an overall measure of 
capital input.

For line-haul railroads, current dollar investment for 10 categories of equipment and 13 categories of 
structures, obtained from STB and AMTRAK, are deflated with BLS PPIs and deflators based on BEA data. The 
capital stocks for each of the items are calculated similarly to manufacturing industries. Inventories of 
materials and supplies are also included. Estimates of investments in land from STB and AMTRAK were deflated 
with price indexes from BEA.  

Labor Input:  For manufacturing industries, labor hours are measured as annual hours worked by all employed 
persons in an industry. Data on industry employment and hours come primarily from the BLS Current Employment 
Statistics (CES) survey and the Current Population Survey (CPS). CES data on the number of total and 
production worker jobs held by wage and salary workers in nonfarm establishments are supplemented with CPS 
data on self-employed and unpaid family workers to estimate industry employment. Hours worked estimates are 
derived using CES and CPS employment, CES data on the average weekly hours paid of production workers, CPS 
data on hours of nonproduction, self-employed, and unpaid family workers, and ratios of hours worked to 
hours paid based on data from the National Compensation Survey (NCS). For some industries, employment and 
hours data are supplemented or further disaggregated using data from the BLS Quarterly Census of Employment 
and Wages (QCEW), the Census Bureau, or other sources. Hours worked are estimated separately for different 
types of workers and then are directly aggregated; no adjustments for labor composition are made. 

For air transportation, annual labor input estimates are based on monthly employment data from BTS 
supplemented by employment and hours from the CES program and hours from the CPS. For line-haul railroads, 
labor input measures are derived primarily from STB data and supplemented with data from AAR. For the 
railroad industry, the labor input measure includes an adjustment to remove capitalized labor hours in 
order to avoid double-counting because some capitalized labor costs are embedded in the railroad investment 
data.

Intermediate Inputs:  The index of intermediate inputs is a Törnqvist index of separate quantities of 
materials, purchased services, fuels, and electricity consumed by each industry. Except for electricity 
consumed by manufacturing industries, for which direct quantity data are available, quantities are derived 
by deflating current dollar values with appropriate price deflators. 

For manufacturing industries, nominal values of materials, fuels and electricity, along with quantities of 
electricity consumed by each industry are obtained from economic censuses and annual surveys of the Bureau 
of the Census. To avoid double counting, an adjustment is made to the materials estimates to exclude the value 
of intra-industry commodity transfers. Purchased business services are estimated using annual industry data 
and benchmark input-output tables from BEA.  

Constant dollar materials consumed are derived by dividing annual current dollar industry purchases by a 
weighted price deflator for each industry. Aggregate materials deflators are constructed for each industry 
by combining producer price indexes and import price indexes from BLS for detailed commodities.  The 
deflators are combined using weights based on detailed commodity data from the BEA benchmark input-output 
tables. Aggregate price indexes to deflate purchased business services are constructed in a similar manner 
using consumer price indexes (CPIs), PPIs, and deflators developed by BEA. The value of fuels consumed by 
each industry is deflated with a weighted price deflator based on PPIs for individual fuel categories; the 
weights reflect fuel expenditures by industry from the Energy Information Administration (EIA), U.S. 
Department of Energy.

For air transportation, detailed cost of materials, services, fuels, and electricity from the BTS are 
deflated using cost indexes from A4A. For line-haul railroads, intermediate inputs data from STB are 
supplemented with data from other sources including AAR and AMTRAK. The nominal values are deflated with 
producer price indexes from BLS and implicit price deflators calculated from BEA investment data.

Labor Productivity:  Labor productivity describes the relationship between real output and the labor hours 
involved in its production. These measures show the changes from period to period in the amount of goods 
and services produced per hour worked. Although the labor productivity measures relate output in an industry 
to hours worked of all persons in that industry, they do not measure the specific contribution of labor to 
growth in output. Rather, they reflect the joint effects of many influences, including: changes in 
technology; capital investment; utilization of capacity, energy, and materials; the use of purchased 
services inputs, including contract employment services; the organization of production; the characteristics 
and effort of the workforce; and managerial skill.

Contributions to Labor Productivity:

Contribution of Capital Intensity:  Capital intensity is the ratio of capital services to hours worked in 
the production process. Multiplying the change in capital intensity times capital’s share of combined inputs 
yields the contribution of capital intensity. 

Contribution of Intermediate Inputs Intensity: Intermediate inputs intensity is the ratio of intermediate 
inputs to hours worked in the production process. Multiplying the change in intermediate inputs intensity 
times intermediate inputs’ share of combined inputs yields the contribution of intermediate inputs intensity.

When positive, both the contribution of capital intensity and the contribution of intermediate inputs 
intensity represent sources of labor productivity growth. These statistics represent factor substitution 
in the production process. In other words, positive change in the contribution of capital intensity indicates 
that labor productivity growth is being achieved in part through the substitution of capital for labor. 
Likewise, positive change in the contribution of intermediate inputs intensity indicates that labor 
productivity growth is being achieved in part through the substitution of intermediate inputs for labor.

Over a given time period, the average logarithmic growth rate of labor productivity will equal the sum of the 
average logarithmic growth rates of the contribution of capital intensity, the contribution of intermediate 
inputs intensity, and total factor productivity. However, because both output and input data are expressed 
annually, average annual (as opposed to logarithmic) rates of change are calculated. Therefore, the sum of 
growth rates of total factor productivity, the contribution of capital intensity, and the contribution of 
intermediate inputs intensity may not precisely equal the rate of change of labor productivity.

	
Table 3. Total factor productivity in selected periods

		

			
Industry
			
2017 

NAICS 

code
			
Average annual percent change
		
		

			
1987-2020
			
1987-1990
			
1990-1995
			
1995-2000
			
2000-2007
			
2007-2020
			
2019-2020
		
		

		
		

		
	
	

		

			
Manufacturing

			
		
		

			
		
		

			
Animal food
			
3111
			
-0.1
			
0.6
			
0.8
			
-0.7
			
1.6
			
-1.3
			
1.1
		
		

			
Grain and oilseed milling
			
3112
			
0.0
			
0.4
			
0.9
			
0.2
			
0.3
			
-0.6
			
-3.2
		
		

			
Sugar and confectionery products
			
3113
			
-0.1
			
0.2
			
1.3
			
1.9
			
0.1
			
-1.7
			
-3.3
		
		

			
Fruit and vegetable preserving and specialty
			
3114
			
0.2
			
-1.8
			
1.4
			
0.6
			
0.7
			
-0.2
			
2.0
		
		

			
Dairy products
			
3115
			
0.2
			
-1.1
			
0.6
			
-0.3
			
1.1
			
0.0
			
0.8
		
		

			
Animal slaughtering and processing
			
3116
			
0.5
			
0.0
			
1.2
			
0.9
			
1.7
			
-0.6
			
-3.1
		
		

			
Seafood product preparation and packaging
			
3117
			
0.3
			
-1.6
			
0.5
			
1.0
			
2.1
			
-0.5
			
-1.7
		
		

			
Bakeries and tortilla products
			
3118
			
-0.7
			
-3.7
			
0.8
			
-0.5
			
0.3
			
-1.2
			
0.3
		
		

			
Other food products
			
3119
			
0.2
			
0.2
			
1.3
			
-0.6
			
1.3
			
-0.5
			
-0.2
		
		

			
		
		

			
Beverages
			
3121
			
0.3
			
1.4
			
2.2
			
-1.3
			
2.2
			
-1.2
			
-6.7
		
		

			
Tobacco
			
3122
			
-0.5
			
1.8
			
1.9
			
0.4
			
-1.1
			
-1.9
			
3.1
		
		
		

			
Fiber, yarn, and thread mills
			
3131
			
0.9
			
1.2
			
0.7
			
0.7
			
3.8
			
-0.6
			
-0.8
		
		

			
Fabric mills
			
3132
			
1.0
			
0.8
			
2.0
			
1.0
			
3.1
			
-0.5
			
1.6
		
		

			
Textile and fabric finishing mills
			
3133
			
-0.1
			
0.5
			
0.5
			
1.3
			
0.4
			
-1.3
			
-5.0
		
		
		

			
Textile furnishings mills
			
3141
			
-0.4
			
-0.1
			
1.8
			
-1.1
			
0.6
			
-1.6
			
-2.0
		
		

			
Other textile product mills
			
3149
			
0.3
			
0.1
			
0.7
			
-0.6
			
1.6
			
-0.1
			
-1.9
		
		

			
		
		

			
Apparel knitting mills
			
3151
			
-0.6
			
0.9
			
2.2
			
-2.4
			
-3.0
			
0.0
			
-3.0
		
		

			
Cut and sew apparel
			
3152
			
-0.9
			
-1.2
			
0.9
			
-0.9
			
-3.1
			
-0.3
			
-7.3
		
		

			
Accessories and other apparel
			
3159
			
-1.9
			
1.4
			
0.7
			
-6.8
			
-3.1
			
-1.0
			
1.9
		
		

			
		
		

			
Leather and hide tanning and finishing
			
3161
			
1.2
			
-3.9
			
-0.1
			
4.3
			
-4.3
			
5.0
			
-6.4
		
		

			
Footwear
			
3162
			
-0.7
			
-1.9
			
0.2
			
-0.4
			
-0.3
			
-1.0
			
-2.5
		
		

			
Other leather products
			
3169
			
-0.4
			
0.2
			
-3.3
			
3.6
			
-0.2
			
-1.0
			
-2.8
		
		

			
		
		

			
Sawmills and wood preservation
			
3211
			
1.0
			
1.5
			
-0.1
			
0.0
			
2.0
			
1.1
			
6.2
		
		

			
Plywood and engineered wood products
			
3212
			
0.0
			
-0.7
			
0.0
			
-0.1
			
1.2
			
-0.5
			
-5.9
		
		

			
Other wood products
			
3219
			
-0.2
			
-0.7
			
-0.7
			
-0.8
			
0.9
			
-0.2
			
7.0
		
		

			
		
		

			
Pulp, paper, and paperboard mills
			
3221
			
0.6
			
-1.3
			
0.1
			
1.9
			
2.1
			
0.0
			
-1.8
		
		

			
Converted paper products
			
3222
			
-0.1
			
0.3
			
0.3
			
-0.3
			
0.9
			
-0.7
			
-2.5
		
		
		

			
Printing and related support activities
			
3231
			
0.1
			
-0.1
			
-0.3
			
-0.8
			
1.0
			
0.2
			
0.2
		
		
		

			
Petroleum and coal products
			
3241
			
-0.1
			
-1.9
			
1.9
			
3.0
			
-1.9
			
-0.6
			
-0.2
		
		
		

			
Basic chemicals
			
3251
			
0.1
			
-0.6
			
-2.4
			
-1.0
			
3.7
			
-0.3
			
1.5
		
		

			
Resin, rubber, and artificial fibers
			
3252
			
0.1
			
-1.4
			
0.9
			
0.6
			
2.2
			
-1.3
			
-4.8
		
		

			
Agricultural chemicals
			
3253
			
1.0
			
1.0
			
1.3
			
0.4
			
3.0
			
-0.1
			
8.5
		
		

			
Pharmaceuticals and medicines
			
3254
			
-1.4
			
-1.5
			
-1.8
			
-1.4
			
0.6
			
-2.4
			
0.2
		
		

			
Paints, coatings, and adhesives
			
3255
			
-0.3
			
-1.9
			
-0.3
			
-0.5
			
1.3
			
-0.8
			
-0.7
		
		

			
Soaps, cleaning compounds, and toiletries
			
3256
			
0.3
			
-1.2
			
0.6
			
-0.7
			
4.5
			
-1.3
			
-4.0
		
		

			
Other chemical products and preparations
			
3259
			
0.2
			
-1.2
			
0.8
			
1.9
			
0.0
			
-0.3
			
0.8
		
		
		

			
Plastics products
			
3261
			
0.2
			
-0.1
			
1.5
			
0.6
			
0.8
			
-0.6
			
-1.8
		
		

			
Rubber products
			
3262
			
0.4
			
1.0
			
1.5
			
0.9
			
1.0
			
-0.7
			
-6.3
		
		

			
		
		

			
Clay products and refractories
			
3271
			
-0.1
			
1.3
			
1.6
			
1.1
			
-0.4
			
-1.4
			
-9.9
		
		

			
Glass and glass products
			
3272
			
0.7
			
0.4
			
2.0
			
2.0
			
0.6
			
-0.1
			
-4.4
		
		

			
Cement and concrete products
			
3273
			
-0.2
			
1.3
			
0.8
			
0.4
			
0.1
			
-1.2
			
1.2
		
		

			
Lime and gypsum products
			
3274
			
-0.6
			
-1.5
			
-1.8
			
0.9
			
0.7
			
-1.1
			
1.0
		
		

			
Other nonmetallic mineral products
			
3279
			
0.6
			
-0.2
			
2.5
			
-0.6
			
2.4
			
-0.4
			
-2.2
		
		

			
		
		

			
Iron and steel mills and ferroalloys
			
3311
			
1.3
			
0.9
			
2.1
			
2.3
			
0.3
			
1.3
			
5.9
		
		

			
Steel products from purchased steel
			
3312
			
0.1
			
1.3
			
2.7
			
0.0
			
-0.4
			
-0.8
			
-0.5
		
		

			
Alumina and aluminum production
			
3313
			
1.0
			
-0.3
			
-0.2
			
0.8
			
1.2
			
1.8
			
2.1
		
		

			
Other nonferrous metal production
			
3314
			
0.5
			
-3.7
			
1.7
			
3.9
			
-3.2
			
1.9
			
4.4
		
		

			
Foundries
			
3315
			
0.2
			
-0.1
			
2.0
			
0.7
			
0.7
			
-0.9
			
-6.6
		
		

			
		
		

			
Forging and stamping
			
3321
			
0.4
			
-0.4
			
0.5
			
-0.3
			
4.1
			
-1.1
			
-8.3
		
		

			
Cutlery and handtools
			
3322
			
0.1
			
-1.1
			
1.0
			
-0.7
			
0.6
			
0.0
			
-1.8
		
		

			
Architectural and structural metals
			
3323
			
-0.1
			
-0.9
			
0.8
			
-1.0
			
1.4
			
-0.8
			
-1.5
		
		

			
Boilers, tanks, and shipping containers
			
3324
			
0.1
			
0.7
			
1.6
			
0.7
			
0.8
			
-1.3
			
-4.8
		
		

			
Hardware
			
3325
			
-0.5
			
-1.9
			
0.7
			
-0.2
			
-0.7
			
-0.6
			
-1.4
		
		

			
Spring and wire products
			
3326
			
0.2
			
0.5
			
1.5
			
0.0
			
1.7
			
-1.0
			
-1.9
		
		

			
Machine shops and threaded products
			
3327
			
0.5
			
1.4
			
3.2
			
0.0
			
1.6
			
-1.1
			
-5.4
		
		

			
Coating, engraving, and heat treating metals
			
3328
			
0.7
			
1.3
			
2.1
			
-0.9
			
3.6
			
-0.8
			
-7.3
		
		

			
Other fabricated metal products
			
3329
			
-0.6
			
-1.5
			
0.3
			
-1.3
			
1.9
			
-1.7
			
-1.4
		
		

			
		
		

			
Agriculture, construction, and mining machinery
			
3331
			
-0.1
			
2.6
			
0.3
			
-1.0
			
1.6
			
-1.3
			
-4.4
		
		

			
Industrial machinery
			
3332
			
0.6
			
0.3
			
1.8
			
0.0
			
1.5
			
-0.1
			
-2.6
		
		

			
Commercial and service industry machinery
			
3333
			
-0.3
			
1.0
			
0.0
			
-1.3
			
-0.5
			
-0.1
			
-3.7
		
		

			
HVAC and commercial refrigeration equipment
			
3334
			
0.4
			
0.0
			
0.9
			
0.4
			
1.6
			
-0.4
			
-1.4
		
		

			
Metalworking machinery
			
3335
			
0.7
			
0.3
			
1.7
			
-1.3
			
2.7
			
0.3
			
0.1
		
		

			
Turbine and power transmission equipment
			
3336
			
-0.1
			
-0.5
			
0.2
			
0.6
			
-0.3
			
-0.3
			
-7.3
		
		

			
Other general purpose machinery
			
3339
			
0.0
			
0.5
			
0.3
			
-0.2
			
1.9
			
-1.2
			
-4.7
		
		

			
		
		

			
Computer and peripheral equipment
			
3341
			
9.8
			
6.6
			
14.0
			
22.4
			
17.0
			
0.9
			
5.6
		
		

			
Communications equipment
			
3342
			
2.0
			
3.2
			
5.6
			
5.6
			
2.8
			
-1.4
			
-2.3
		
		

			
Audio and video equipment
			
3343
			
2.6
			
3.2
			
2.9
			
3.0
			
2.9
			
2.2
			
4.7
		
		

			
Semiconductors and electronic components
			
3344
			
8.4
			
6.4
			
18.3
			
21.8
			
7.5
			
1.0
			
3.9
		
		

			
Electronic instruments
			
3345
			
0.5
			
1.7
			
1.1
			
-0.3
			
1.2
			
-0.1
			
-0.4
		
		

			
Magnetic media manufacturing and reproducing
			
3346
			
0.5
			
0.8
			
6.0
			
-2.7
			
2.2
			
-1.2
			
-4.5
		
		
		

			
Electric lighting equipment
			
3351
			
0.2
			
-2.4
			
0.4
			
0.4
			
1.4
			
0.0
			
-5.9
		
		

			
Household appliances
			
3352
			
1.5
			
-0.3
			
3.0
			
0.8
			
3.4
			
0.6
			
0.4
		
		

			
Electrical equipment
			
3353
			
0.1
			
0.3
			
2.3
			
-1.7
			
1.1
			
-0.7
			
-0.1
		
		

			
Other electrical equipment and components
			
3359
			
0.2
			
-2.0
			
1.3
			
0.8
			
0.3
			
0.1
			
1.0
		
		

			
		
		

			
Motor vehicles
			
3361
			
0.2
			
0.4
			
-0.9
			
0.3
			
2.8
			
-0.8
			
-0.9
		
		

			
Motor vehicle bodies and trailers
			
3362
			
-0.2
			
-2.3
			
2.3
			
-1.2
			
0.2
			
-0.4
			
-0.6
		
		

			
Motor vehicle parts
			
3363
			
1.4
			
-0.8
			
3.2
			
1.7
			
2.1
			
0.6
			
-0.6
		
		

			
Aerospace products and parts
			
3364
			
-0.3
			
-1.5
			
0.0
			
-0.2
			
2.1
			
-1.4
			
-9.3
		
		

			
Railroad rolling stock
			
3365
			
0.4
			
0.6
			
0.3
			
4.7
			
-1.7
			
-0.1
			
-4.6
		
		

			
Ship and boat building
			
3366
			
0.5
			
0.3
			
-0.3
			
0.5
			
-0.4
			
1.4
			
5.5
		
		

			
Other transportation equipment
			
3369
			
1.3
			
-2.2
			
6.3
			
-0.5
			
5.6
			
-1.2
			
-3.9
		
		

			
		
		

			
Household and institutional furniture
			
3371
			
0.2
			
-0.1
			
1.3
			
-0.2
			
1.0
			
-0.4
			
-0.6
		
		

			
Office furniture and fixtures
			
3372
			
0.1
			
-2.4
			
0.9
			
2.1
			
0.9
			
-0.8
			
-6.8
		
		

			
Other furniture related products
			
3379
			
0.4
			
0.0
			
1.4
			
0.3
			
1.7
			
-0.7
			
-4.0
		
		

			
		
		

			
Medical equipment and supplies
			
3391
			
0.2
			
2.0
			
0.1
			
1.1
			
1.6
			
-1.2
			
-5.2
		
		

			
Other miscellaneous manufacturing
			
3399
			
0.2
			
0.9
			
0.6
			
0.7
			
1.3
			
-0.8
			
-5.0
		
		
		

			
Transportation

			
		
		

			
		
		

			
Air transportation
			
481
			
-0.6
			
-0.7
			
-0.1
			
-0.1
			
4.5
			
-3.7
			
-45.8
		
		

			
Line-haul railroads
			
482111
			
1.3
			
3.9
			
4.4
			
1.6
			
1.3
			
-0.6
			
-10.1
		
		

			
		
		
	
	

	
Table 4. Contributions to labor productivity

		

			
Industry
			
2017 

NAICS 

code
			
Average annual percent change, 1987-2020
		
		

			
Labor 

productivity
			
Contribution of 

capital intensity
			
Contribution of 
 intermediate inputs intensity
			
Total factor 

productivity
		
		

		
		

		
		

		
	
	

		

			
Manufacturing

			
		
		

			
		
		

			
Animal food
			
 3111
			
1.3
			
0.3
			
1.1
			
-0.1
		
		

			
Grain and oilseed milling
			
 3112
			
1.8
			
0.2
			
1.6
			
0.0
		
		

			
Sugar and confectionery products
			
 3113
			
1.1
			
0.4
			
0.9
			
-0.1
		
		

			
Fruit and vegetable preserving and specialty
			
 3114
			
1.0
			
0.3
			
0.5
			
0.2
		
		

			
Dairy products
			
 3115
			
1.1
			
0.2
			
0.7
			
0.2
		
		

			
Animal slaughtering and processing
			
 3116
			
0.3
			
0.1
			
-0.2
			
0.5
		
		

			
Seafood product preparation and packaging
			
 3117
			
1.1
			
0.2
			
0.6
			
0.3
		
		

			
Bakeries and tortilla products
			
 3118
			
0.1
			
0.2
			
0.7
			
-0.7
		
		

			
Other food products
			
 3119
			
0.2
			
-0.2
			
0.2
			
0.2
		
		

			
		
		

			
Beverages
			
 3121
			
0.0
			
-0.2
			
-0.1
			
0.3
		
		

			
Tobacco
			
 3122
			
2.3
			
2.0
			
0.7
			
-0.5
		
		
		

			
Fiber, yarn, and thread mills
			
 3131
			
1.8
			
0.1
			
0.8
			
0.9
		
		

			
Fabric mills
			
 3132
			
2.5
			
0.4
			
1.1
			
1.0
		
		

			
Textile and fabric finishing mills
			
 3133
			
0.8
			
0.2
			
0.6
			
-0.1
		
		
		

			
Textile furnishings mills
			
 3141
			
0.2
			
0.4
			
0.2
			
-0.4
		
		

			
Other textile product mills
			
 3149
			
1.2
			
0.2
			
0.7
			
0.3
		
		

			
		
		

			
Apparel knitting mills
			
 3151
			
0.0
			
0.6
			
-0.1
			
-0.6
		
		

			
Cut and sew apparel
			
 3152
			
0.1
			
0.9
			
0.2
			
-0.9
		
		

			
Accessories and other apparel
			
 3159
			
-2.5
			
0.1
			
-0.7
			
-1.9
		
		

			
		
		

			
Leather and hide tanning and finishing
			
 3161
			
0.2
			
0.1
			
-1.1
			
1.2
		
		

			
Footwear
			
 3162
			
0.7
			
0.4
			
1.0
			
-0.7
		
		

			
Other leather products
			
 3169
			
-0.2
			
0.3
			
-0.1
			
-0.4
		
		

			
		
		

			
Sawmills and wood preservation
			
 3211
			
1.8
			
0.0
			
0.8
			
1.0
		
		

			
Plywood and engineered wood products
			
 3212
			
0.3
			
-0.1
			
0.4
			
0.0
		
		

			
Other wood products
			
 3219
			
0.9
			
0.2
			
0.9
			
-0.2
		
		

			
		
		

			
Pulp, paper, and paperboard mills
			
 3221
			
1.9
			
0.4
			
0.9
			
0.6
		
		

			
Converted paper products
			
 3222
			
0.8
			
0.3
			
0.6
			
-0.1
		
		
		

			
Printing and related support activities
			
 3231
			
1.2
			
0.4
			
0.7
			
0.1
		
		
		

			
Petroleum and coal products
			
 3241
			
1.9
			
0.2
			
1.8
			
-0.1
		
		
		

			
Basic chemicals
			
 3251
			
1.7
			
0.4
			
1.1
			
0.1
		
		

			
Resin, rubber, and artificial fibers
			
 3252
			
1.4
			
0.4
			
1.0
			
0.1
		
		

			
Agricultural chemicals
			
 3253
			
1.8
			
0.6
			
0.3
			
1.0
		
		

			
Pharmaceuticals and medicines
			
 3254
			
-0.8
			
0.7
			
0.0
			
-1.4
		
		

			
Paints, coatings, and adhesives
			
 3255
			
0.4
			
0.2
			
0.6
			
-0.3
		
		

			
Soaps, cleaning compounds, and toiletries
			
 3256
			
1.1
			
0.6
			
0.2
			
0.3
		
		

			
Other chemical products and preparations
			
 3259
			
1.8
			
0.5
			
1.1
			
0.2
		
		
		

			
Plastics products
			
 3261
			
1.4
			
0.3
			
0.8
			
0.2
		
		

			
Rubber products
			
 3262
			
1.6
			
0.2
			
0.9
			
0.4
		
		

			
		
		

			
Clay products and refractories
			
 3271
			
0.4
			
0.2
			
0.3
			
-0.1
		
		

			
Glass and glass products
			
 3272
			
1.8
			
0.3
			
0.8
			
0.7
		
		

			
Cement and concrete products
			
 3273
			
-0.1
			
0.0
			
0.1
			
-0.2
		
		

			
Lime and gypsum products
			
 3274
			
1.0
			
0.6
			
1.0
			
-0.6
		
		

			
Other nonmetallic mineral products
			
 3279
			
1.0
			
0.0
			
0.4
			
0.6
		
		

			
		
		

			
Iron and steel mills and ferroalloys
			
 3311
			
2.8
			
0.0
			
1.5
			
1.3
		
		

			
Steel products from purchased steel
			
 3312
			
0.7
			
-0.1
			
0.7
			
0.1
		
		

			
Alumina and aluminum production
			
 3313
			
1.6
			
0.2
			
0.4
			
1.0
		
		

			
Other nonferrous metal production
			
 3314
			
1.1
			
0.3
			
0.3
			
0.5
		
		

			
Foundries
			
 3315
			
1.1
			
0.2
			
0.7
			
0.2
		
		

			
		
		

			
Forging and stamping
			
 3321
			
1.7
			
0.2
			
1.1
			
0.4
		
		

			
Cutlery and handtools
			
 3322
			
1.1
			
0.3
			
0.8
			
0.1
		
		

			
Architectural and structural metals
			
 3323
			
0.5
			
0.0
			
0.6
			
-0.1
		
		

			
Boilers, tanks, and shipping containers
			
 3324
			
1.0
			
0.0
			
0.9
			
0.1
		
		

			
Hardware
			
 3325
			
0.8
			
0.4
			
0.9
			
-0.5
		
		

			
Spring and wire products
			
 3326
			
1.6
			
0.4
			
1.0
			
0.2
		
		

			
Machine shops and threaded products
			
 3327
			
1.4
			
0.2
			
0.7
			
0.5
		
		

			
Coating, engraving, and heat treating metals
			
 3328
			
1.5
			
0.1
			
0.6
			
0.7
		
		

			
Other fabricated metal products
			
 3329
			
0.4
			
0.2
			
0.8
			
-0.6
		
		

			
		
		

			
Agriculture, construction, and mining machinery
			
 3331
			
1.5
			
0.1
			
1.4
			
-0.1
		
		

			
Industrial machinery
			
 3332
			
1.3
			
0.1
			
0.6
			
0.6
		
		

			
Commercial and service industry machinery
			
 3333
			
1.0
			
0.2
			
1.1
			
-0.3
		
		

			
HVAC and commercial refrigeration equipment
			
 3334
			
1.1
			
0.2
			
0.5
			
0.4
		
		

			
Metalworking machinery
			
 3335
			
1.6
			
0.1
			
0.7
			
0.7
		
		

			
Turbine and power transmission equipment
			
 3336
			
0.9
			
0.2
			
0.8
			
-0.1
		
		

			
Other general purpose machinery
			
 3339
			
1.4
			
0.1
			
1.3
			
0.0
		
		

			
		
		

			
Computer and peripheral equipment
			
 3341
			
13.0
			
1.1
			
1.9
			
9.8
		
		

			
Communications equipment
			
 3342
			
4.5
			
0.7
			
1.8
			
2.0
		
		

			
Audio and video equipment
			
 3343
			
2.6
			
0.1
			
-0.2
			
2.6
		
		

			
Semiconductors and electronic components
			
 3344
			
11.4
			
1.8
			
1.0
			
8.4
		
		

			
Electronic instruments
			
 3345
			
2.6
			
0.4
			
1.7
			
0.5
		
		

			
Magnetic media manufacturing and reproducing
			
 3346
			
-1.0
			
0.3
			
-1.7
			
0.5
		
		
		

			
Electric lighting equipment
			
 3351
			
1.3
			
0.4
			
0.7
			
0.2
		
		

			
Household appliances
			
 3352
			
3.0
			
0.4
			
1.1
			
1.5
		
		

			
Electrical equipment
			
 3353
			
1.3
			
0.2
			
1.1
			
0.1
		
		

			
Other electrical equipment and components
			
 3359
			
0.8
			
0.1
			
0.5
			
0.2
		
		

			
		
		

			
Motor vehicles
			
 3361
			
2.6
			
0.3
			
2.0
			
0.2
		
		

			
Motor vehicle bodies and trailers
			
 3362
			
1.3
			
0.1
			
1.4
			
-0.2
		
		

			
Motor vehicle parts
			
 3363
			
2.4
			
0.1
			
1.0
			
1.4
		
		

			
Aerospace products and parts
			
 3364
			
1.2
			
0.4
			
1.0
			
-0.3
		
		

			
Railroad rolling stock
			
 3365
			
1.7
			
0.1
			
1.1
			
0.4
		
		

			
Ship and boat building
			
 3366
			
1.9
			
0.1
			
1.2
			
0.5
		
		

			
Other transportation equipment
			
 3369
			
3.4
			
0.6
			
1.4
			
1.3
		
		

			
		
		

			
Household and institutional furniture
			
 3371
			
0.8
			
0.2
			
0.4
			
0.2
		
		

			
Office furniture and fixtures
			
 3372
			
0.9
			
0.4
			
0.5
			
0.1
		
		

			
Other furniture related products
			
 3379
			
1.9
			
0.2
			
1.3
			
0.4
		
		

			
		
		

			
Medical equipment and supplies
			
 3391
			
1.9
			
0.8
			
0.9
			
0.2
		
		

			
Other miscellaneous manufacturing
			
 3399
			
1.0
			
0.3
			
0.5
			
0.2
		
		
		

			
Transportation

			
		
		

			
		
		

			
Air transportation
			
 481
			
0.4
			
0.8
			
0.3
			
-0.6
		
		

			
Line-haul railroads
			
 482111
			
3.3
			
0.9
			
1.0
			
1.3