For release 10:00 a.m. (ET) Thursday, August 26, 2021	USDL-21-1545

Technical Information:	(202) 691-5606  •  productivity@bls.gov •  www.bls.gov/mfp 
Media Contact:	(202) 691-5902  •  PressOffice@bls.gov


MULTIFACTOR PRODUCTIVITY TRENDS FOR DETAILED INDUSTRIES - 2019


Multifactor productivity–defined as output per unit of combined inputs--fell in 61 of the 86 4-digit 
NAICS manufacturing industries in 2019, the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics reported today. In 2018 
multifactor productivity decreased in 37 manufacturing industries. Among transportation industries, 
multifactor productivity increased in air transportation and decreased in line-haul railroads.
 
Eight of the nine largest 4-digit NAICS manufacturing industries (those with employment over 350,000) 
had decreasing multifactor productivity in 2019. Only the aerospace products and parts industry had 
rising multifactor productivity. Output fell or was unchanged from 2018 in all nine industries, with the 
largest decline occurring in printing and related support activities (-5.7 percent). A rise in combined 
inputs paired with falling or flat output resulted in declining multifactor productivity for five of the nine 
industries.

Among all 86 manufacturing industries, 3 industries posted multifactor productivity gains greater than 
5.0 percent (see table 1): 
*	Leather and hide tanning and finishing (+8.8 percent)
*	Apparel knitting mills (+5.4 percent)
*	Computer and peripheral equipment (+5.3 percent)

Multifactor productivity declined by 7.0 percent or more in 3 manufacturing industries in 2019: 
*	Other leather products (-8.3 percent)
*	Magnetic media manufacturing and reproducing (-7.8 percent)
*	Resin, rubber, and artificial fibers (-7.2 percent)

Multifactor productivity increased in one of the two measured transportation industries: 
*	Air transportation (+0.9 percent)
*	Line-haul railroads (-1.9 percent)

Multifactor Productivity: Definition and Concepts

Changes in multifactor productivity show the relationship between changes in real output and changes in 
the combined inputs of labor, capital, and intermediate purchases (energy, materials, and purchased 
services) used in producing that output. Multifactor productivity is also known as total factor 
productivity.

A variety of factors that influence economic growth are not specifically accounted for among measured 
inputs, including technological change, returns to scale, enhancements in managerial and staff skills, 
changes in the organization of production, and other efficiency improvements. Multifactor productivity 
reflects these factors. See the technical note for more information.

Components of Multifactor Productivity Growth: Output and Combined Inputs

In 2019, output increased in 13 of 86 manufacturing industries, compared to 53 industries in 2018. 
Output increased by 3.0 percent or more in the following 5 industries in 2019:
*	Soaps, cleaning compounds, and toiletries (+5.3 percent)
*	Other textile product mills (+4.9 percent) 
*	Other food products (+4.5 percent)
*	Cut and sew apparel (+3.3 percent)
*	Electrical equipment (+3.2 percent)

Combined inputs of capital, labor, and intermediate purchases rose in 32 of 86 manufacturing 
industries in 2019, compared to 55 industries in 2018. Nearly half of the manufacturing industries saw 
growth in hours worked and capital services (38 industries each) and intermediate purchases (36 
industries).

The following industries had the largest increases in combined inputs in 2019:
*	Animal slaughtering and processing (+4.3 percent)
*	Ship and boat building (+4.0 percent)
*	Boilers, tanks, and shipping containers (+3.8 percent)
*	Other leather products (+3.1 percent) 
*	Electronic instruments (+3.0 percent)

In 2 manufacturing industries, multifactor productivity rose more than 5.0 percent despite falling 
output as combined inputs fell more rapidly. This occurred in: 
*	Leather and hide tanning and finishing (+8.8 percent)
*	Apparel knitting mills (+5.4 percent)

In the air transportation industry, output increased 4.0 percent and combined inputs increased 3.1 
percent in 2019. In line-haul railroads, output declined 3.6 percent and combined inputs declined 1.7 
percent.

Trends in Multifactor Productivity for Selected Time Periods

Year-to-year movements and long-term trends in industry multifactor productivity may reflect cyclical 
changes in the economy. However, long-term average annual percent changes in multifactor 
productivity are more reliable indicators of historical trends in industry performance.

More industries saw multifactor productivity growth over the long term than the short term. Over the 
long-term period from 1987 to 2019, multifactor productivity grew in 60 manufacturing industries, 
compared to only 25 from 2018 to 2019. (See tables 1 and 2.) Average annual rates of change in 
multifactor productivity for nearly all manufacturing industries ranged between -2.0 percent and +2.0 
percent over the long term. In contrast, multifactor productivity declined by 2.0 percent or more in 42 
industries in 2019. No industry saw an average annual decline of that magnitude from 1987 to 2019.

Between 1987 and 2019, the number of manufacturing industries with growth in multifactor productivity 
was highest in 1992, 2003, and 2010. These were years of economic growth following recessions. In 
contrast, relatively few manufacturing industries saw multifactor productivity growth in the recession 
years of 2001 and 2009. 

Average annual percent changes in multifactor productivity by industry for sub periods between 1987 
and 2019 are shown in table 3. The sub period from 1990 to 1995 saw the greatest number of 
manufacturing industries with multifactor productivity growth.

From 1987 to 2019, multifactor productivity rose in both air transportation and line-haul railroads by an 
average annual rate of 1.3 percent and 1.7 percent, respectively. While both industries posted gains in 
output, multifactor productivity grew more in line-haul railroads because its combined inputs showed 
little change over the long term. (See table 2.)

Multifactor Productivity as a Source of Labor Productivity Growth

Multifactor productivity measures differ from the BLS labor productivity measures because they 
compare output to the combined inputs of hours worked, capital, and intermediate purchases. Labor 
productivity relates output only to hours worked. Mathematically, an industry’s labor productivity is 
equal to multifactor productivity plus the effects of factor substitution; that is, the combined effects of 
changes in weighted capital services relative to hours worked and weighted intermediate purchases 
relative to hours worked. These factor substitutions are referred to as contribution of capital intensity 
and contribution of intermediate purchases intensity.
 
Eighty out of the 86 manufacturing industries posted gains in labor productivity from 1987 to 2019. 
Among these industries, substitution of intermediate purchases for labor was the leading source of labor 
productivity growth. (See table 4.) Growth in the contribution of intermediate purchases intensity occurs 
when firms purchase a greater share of materials instead of using their own labor. Contribution of 
intermediate purchases intensity may also rise when firms substitute contracted labor for payroll labor.
 
Between 2000 and 2007, multifactor productivity growth was the predominant source of labor 
productivity growth in many of the manufacturing industries. In contrast, labor productivity growth was 
driven mostly by contribution of intermediate purchases intensity in the other two sub periods.

Strong growth in multifactor productivity was the dominant source of labor productivity growth in the 
industries that manufacture computers and electronic products (computer and peripheral equipment, 
semiconductors and electronic components, and audio and video equipment). Labor productivity growth 
in the two transportation industries, air transportation and line-haul railroads, was also primarily driven 
by multifactor productivity growth. The remaining manufacturing industries with high average annual 
growth in labor productivity were mostly fueled by the contribution of intermediate purchases intensity.

Terminology Change for Multifactor Productivity Data
 
The BLS Productivity Program will replace the term multifactor productivity (MFP) with total factor 
productivity (TFP) beginning in the fourth quarter of 2021. This is a change in terminology only and 
will not affect the data or methodology. The use of the term total factor productivity will improve the 
visibility and accessibility of our data and will be accompanied by changes to the BLS website and 
future productivity news releases.

Additional Information

The combined inputs measures for manufacturing industries in this release incorporate new data from 
the BLS International Price Program. Prices for imported materials are a component of intermediate 
purchases, and these prices are now more comprehensive and cover the entire history of the series. 
Accordingly, the multifactor productivity and combined inputs series for manufacturing industries have 
been revised for 2018 and all earlier years.

The combined inputs measure for line-haul railroads in this release incorporates additional data from the 
United States Surface Transportation Board (STB). The quantity of leased rail cars, which is a 
component of intermediate purchases, is reported in Schedule 710 of the annual STB reports of U.S. 
Class I railroads. Accordingly, the multifactor productivity and combined inputs series for line-haul 
railroads have been revised for 2018 and all earlier years.

The COVID-19 pandemic did not impact the availability of source data used to construct the 
productivity measures in this release. Additional information can be found on the BLS website at 
https://www.bls.gov/covid19/effects-of-covid-19-pandemic-on-productivity-and-costs-
statistics.htm#Multifactor-Productivity.

Access the productivity data dashboard at www.bls.gov/mfp/mfp_by_industry_dashboard.xlsx for
*	Detailed data series: indexes of multifactor productivity and related measures
*	Additional years, annual rates of change, and long-term data

More information from the BLS productivity program is available at www.bls.gov/mfp.
*	More detailed capital and intermediate purchases data available upon request

Subscribe to productivity news releases on the BLS website at 
https://public.govdelivery.com/accounts/USDOLBLS/subscriber/new.

Information in this release will be made available to sensory impaired individuals upon request. Voice 
phone: (202) 691-5200; Federal Relay Service: (800) 877-8339.


 

Technical Note

Multifactor Productivity:  Multifactor productivity measures are derived by dividing an index of real 
industry output by an index of the combined inputs of labor, capital, and intermediate purchases. The 
multifactor productivity indexes do not measure the specific contributions of capital, labor, and 
intermediate inputs. Rather, they reflect the joint influences on economic growth of a number of factors 
that are not specifically accounted for on the input side, including technological change, returns to scale, 
improved skills of the workforce, better management techniques, or other efficiency improvements.

Output:  Manufacturing industry output is measured as annual sectoral output, the total value, in real 
terms, of goods and services produced for sale outside the industry. Industry value of production is 
derived by adjusting industry shipments for changes in inventories and subtracting intra-industry 
transfers and resales. For most manufacturing industries, real output is measured by deflating nominal 
value of production, but for some industries physical quantities of output are measured. For air 
transportation and line-haul railroads, output is measured by aggregating passenger-miles and freight 
ton-miles with weights based on revenues or operating expenses.
  
Output measures for manufacturing industries are constructed using data primarily from the economic 
censuses and annual surveys of the Bureau of the Census, U.S. Department of Commerce, together with 
information on price changes chiefly from the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS). Output measures for air 
transportation and line-haul railroads are constructed using data primarily from the Bureau of 
Transportation Statistics (BTS) and the Surface Transportation Board (STB), both in the U.S. 
Department of Transportation (DOT), together with information from the Association of American 
Railroads (AAR), AMTRAK, and several other sources.
  
Combined Inputs:  The index of combined inputs is a Törnqvist index of separate quantity indexes of 
capital, labor, and intermediate purchases (including fuels, electricity, materials, and purchased 
services). The annual growth rates of the various inputs are aggregated using their relative cost shares as 
weights. The labor weight is based on labor compensation, including fringe benefits. The weight for 
intermediate purchases is based on the total cost of materials, fuels, electricity, and purchased services. 
The capital weight is based on total capital cost, which is calculated as the value of sectoral production 
minus the costs of labor compensation and intermediate purchases.

Capital Input:  Capital input reflects the flow of services derived from the stock of physical assets. 
Capital services are estimated by calculating productive capital stocks and are assumed to be 
proportional to changes in these capital stocks for each asset. The capital index is a Törnqvist index of 
separate quantity indexes of equipment, structures, inventories, and land. 

For manufacturing industries, physical capital is comprised of 24 categories of equipment, 10 categories 
of structures, 3 categories of inventories, and land. Measures of total capital services for each industry 
are estimated by aggregating the capital stocks of individual asset types. Estimates of investment by 
asset type for each industry are derived using annual capital expenditures for detailed industries from the 
economic censuses and annual surveys of the Bureau of the Census. Additional annual investment data 
comes from the fixed asset accounts from the Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA).

Annual investment data is supplemented with the 1997 benchmark capital flow table from the BEA as 
well as the 2008 and 2012 Annual Capital Expenditures Survey from the Bureau of the Census. Price 
changes are removed from the annual investment data before calculating stocks. Price deflators for each 
asset category are constructed by combining detailed price indexes (mostly BLS Producer Price Indexes) 
with weights that reflect each industry’s use of individual asset commodities.

The capital stocks for the different assets are combined using weights based on estimated annual rental 
prices for each asset type, averaged between two time periods. Each rental price reflects the nominal rate 
of return to all assets within the industry and the rates of economic depreciation and revaluation of the 
specific asset. Rental prices are adjusted for the effects of taxes. 

For air transportation, a weighted index combining 23 categories of airframes and 21 categories of 
engines is derived from annual carrier operating inventories reported to BTS. For assets other than 
airframes and engines, capital stocks are calculated similarly to manufacturing industries. For these 
assets, a more detailed breakdown of annual expenditures on equipment and structures from the BEA is 
used. Inventories of parts and supplies are also included; the current dollar series is deflated with a 
weighted cost index based on data from Airlines for America (A4A) and BTS. Indexes for aircraft and 
engines, non-aircraft assets, and parts and supplies inventories are aggregated using cost share weights 
to derive an overall measure of capital input.

For line-haul railroads, current dollar investment for 10 categories of equipment and 13 categories of 
structures, obtained from STB and AMTRAK, are deflated with BLS PPIs and deflators based on BEA 
data. The capital stocks for each of the items are calculated similarly to manufacturing industries. 
Inventories of materials and supplies are also included. Estimates of investments in land from STB and 
AMTRAK were deflated with price indexes from BEA.
  
Labor Input:  For manufacturing industries, labor hours are measured as annual hours worked by all 
employed persons in an industry. Data on industry employment and hours come primarily from the BLS 
Current Employment Statistics (CES) survey and the Current Population Survey (CPS). CES data on the 
number of total and production worker jobs held by wage and salary workers in nonfarm establishments 
are supplemented with CPS data on self-employed and unpaid family workers to estimate industry 
employment. Hours worked estimates are derived using CES and CPS employment, CES data on the 
average weekly hours paid of production workers, CPS data on hours of nonproduction, self-employed, 
and unpaid family workers, and ratios of hours worked to hours paid based on data from the National 
Compensation Survey (NCS). For some industries, employment and hours data are supplemented or 
further disaggregated using data from the BLS Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages (QCEW), 
the Census Bureau, or other sources. Hours worked are estimated separately for different types of 
workers and then are directly aggregated; no adjustments for labor composition are made.
 
For air transportation, annual labor input estimates are based on monthly employment data from BTS 
supplemented by employment and hours from the CES program and hours from the CPS. For line-haul 
railroads, labor input measures are derived primarily from STB data and supplemented with data from 
AAR. For the railroad industry, the labor input measure includes an adjustment to remove capitalized 
labor hours in order to avoid double-counting because some capitalized labor costs are embedded in the 
railroad investment data.

Intermediate Purchases Input:  The index of intermediate purchases is a Törnqvist index of separate 
quantities of materials, purchased services, fuels, and electricity consumed by each industry. Except for 
electricity consumed by manufacturing industries, for which direct quantity data are available, quantities are 
derived by deflating current dollar values with appropriate price deflators.
 
For manufacturing industries, nominal values of materials, fuels and electricity, along with quantities of 
electricity consumed by each industry are obtained from economic censuses and annual surveys of the 
Bureau of the Census. To avoid double counting, an adjustment is made to the materials estimates to 
exclude the value of intra-industry commodity transfers. Purchased business services are estimated using 
annual industry data and benchmark input-output tables from BEA.  

Constant dollar materials consumed are derived by dividing annual current dollar industry purchases by 
a weighted price deflator for each industry. Aggregate materials deflators are constructed for each industry 
by combining producer price indexes and import price indexes from BLS for detailed commodities.  The 
deflators are combined using weights based on detailed commodity data from the BEA benchmark input-
output tables. Aggregate price indexes to deflate purchased business services are constructed in a similar 
manner using consumer price indexes (CPIs), PPIs, and deflators developed by BEA. The value of fuels 
consumed by each industry is deflated with a weighted price deflator based on PPIs for individual fuel 
categories; the weights reflect fuel expenditures by industry from the Energy Information 
Administration (EIA), U.S. Department of Energy.

For air transportation, detailed cost of materials, services, fuels, and electricity from the BTS are 
deflated using cost indexes from A4A. For line-haul railroads, intermediate purchases data from STB are 
supplemented with data from other sources including AAR and AMTRAK. The nominal values are 
deflated with producer price indexes from BLS and implicit price deflators calculated from BEA 
investment data.

Labor Productivity:  Labor productivity describes the relationship between real output and the labor 
hours involved in its production. These measures show the changes from period to period in the amount 
of goods and services produced per hour worked. Although the labor productivity measures relate output 
in an industry to hours worked of all persons in that industry, they do not measure the specific 
contribution of labor to growth in output. Rather, they reflect the joint effects of many influences, 
including: changes in technology; capital investment; utilization of capacity, energy, and materials; the 
use of purchased services inputs, including contract employment services; the organization of 
production; the characteristics and effort of the workforce; and managerial skill.

Contributions to Labor Productivity:

Contribution of Capital Intensity:  Capital intensity is the ratio of capital services to hours 
worked in the production process. Multiplying the change in capital intensity times capital’s 
share of combined inputs yields the contribution of capital intensity. 

Contribution of Intermediate Purchases Intensity: Intermediate purchases intensity is the 
ratio of intermediate purchases to hours worked in the production process. Multiplying the 
change in intermediate purchases intensity times intermediate purchases’ share of combined 
inputs yields the contribution of intermediate purchases intensity.

When positive, both the contribution of capital intensity and the contribution of intermediate 
purchases intensity represent sources of labor productivity growth. These statistics represent 
factor substitution in the production process. In other words, positive change in the contribution 
of capital intensity indicates that labor productivity growth is being achieved in part through the 
substitution of capital for labor. Likewise, positive change in the contribution of intermediate 
purchases intensity indicates that labor productivity growth is being achieved in part through the 
substitution of intermediate purchases for labor.

Over a given time period, the average logarithmic growth rate of labor productivity will equal the 
sum of the average logarithmic growth rates of the contribution of capital intensity, the 
contribution of intermediate purchases intensity, and multifactor productivity. However, because 
both output and input data are expressed annually, average annual (as opposed to logarithmic) 
rates of change are calculated. Therefore, the sum of growth rates of multifactor productivity, the 
contribution of capital intensity, and the contribution of intermediate purchases intensity may not 
precisely equal the rate of change of labor productivity.

	
Table 3. Multifactor productivity in selected periods

		

			
Industry
			
2017 

NAICS 

code
			
Average annual percent change
		
		

			
1987-2019
			
1987-1990
			
1990-1995
			
1995-2000
			
2000-2007
			
2007-2019
			
2018-2019
		
		

		
		

		
	
	

		

			
Manufacturing

			
		
		

			
		
		

			
Animal food
			
3111
			
-0.1
			
0.6
			
0.8
			
-0.7
			
1.6
			
-1.5
			
1.7
		
		

			
Grain and oilseed milling
			
3112
			
0.0
			
0.4
			
0.9
			
0.2
			
0.3
			
-0.6
			
3.3
		
		

			
Sugar and confectionery products
			
3113
			
0.0
			
0.2
			
1.3
			
1.9
			
0.1
			
-1.6
			
0.2
		
		

			
Fruit and vegetable preserving and specialty
			
3114
			
0.1
			
-1.8
			
1.4
			
0.6
			
0.7
			
-0.4
			
-0.6
		
		

			
Dairy products
			
3115
			
0.1
			
-1.1
			
0.6
			
-0.3
			
1.1
			
-0.1
			
1.8
		
		

			
Animal slaughtering and processing
			
3116
			
0.6
			
0.0
			
1.2
			
0.9
			
1.7
			
-0.3
			
-4.2
		
		

			
Seafood product preparation and packaging
			
3117
			
0.4
			
-1.6
			
0.5
			
1.0
			
2.1
			
-0.3
			
1.2
		
		

			
Bakeries and tortilla products
			
3118
			
-0.8
			
-3.7
			
0.8
			
-0.5
			
0.3
			
-1.4
			
1.7
		
		

			
Other food products
			
3119
			
0.2
			
0.2
			
1.3
			
-0.6
			
1.3
			
-0.5
			
3.0
		
		

			
		
		

			
Beverages
			
3121
			
0.5
			
1.4
			
2.2
			
-1.3
			
2.2
			
-0.7
			
-1.0
		
		

			
Tobacco
			
3122
			
-0.6
			
1.8
			
1.9
			
0.4
			
-1.1
			
-2.4
			
-2.8
		
		
		

			
Fiber, yarn, and thread mills
			
3131
			
1.0
			
1.2
			
0.7
			
0.7
			
3.8
			
-0.5
			
1.5
		
		

			
Fabric mills
			
3132
			
1.0
			
0.8
			
2.0
			
1.0
			
3.1
			
-0.5
			
-2.3
		
		

			
Textile and fabric finishing mills
			
3133
			
0.1
			
0.5
			
0.5
			
1.3
			
0.4
			
-0.9
			
-3.3
		
		
		

			
Textile furnishings mills
			
3141
			
-0.4
			
-0.1
			
1.8
			
-1.1
			
0.6
			
-1.6
			
1.0
		
		

			
Other textile product mills
			
3149
			
0.4
			
0.1
			
0.7
			
-0.6
			
1.6
			
0.1
			
4.3
		
		

			
		
		

			
Apparel knitting mills
			
3151
			
-0.5
			
0.9
			
2.2
			
-2.4
			
-3.0
			
0.3
			
5.4
		
		

			
Cut and sew apparel
			
3152
			
-0.9
			
-1.2
			
0.9
			
-0.9
			
-3.1
			
-0.4
			
2.6
		
		

			
Accessories and other apparel
			
3159
			
-1.9
			
1.4
			
0.7
			
-6.8
			
-3.1
			
-1.1
			
-3.2
		
		

			
		
		

			
Leather and hide tanning and finishing
			
3161
			
1.1
			
-3.9
			
-0.1
			
4.3
			
-4.3
			
4.8
			
8.8
		
		

			
Footwear
			
3162
			
-0.6
			
-1.9
			
0.2
			
-0.4
			
-0.3
			
-0.9
			
-3.4
		
		

			
Other leather products
			
3169
			
-0.6
			
0.2
			
-3.3
			
3.6
			
-0.2
			
-1.5
			
-8.3
		
		

			
		
		

			
Sawmills and wood preservation
			
3211
			
0.8
			
1.5
			
-0.1
			
0.0
			
2.0
			
0.7
			
-1.2
		
		

			
Plywood and engineered wood products
			
3212
			
0.1
			
-0.7
			
0.0
			
-0.1
			
1.2
			
-0.1
			
-0.4
		
		

			
Other wood products
			
3219
			
-0.4
			
-0.7
			
-0.7
			
-0.8
			
0.9
			
-0.8
			
-2.4
		
		

			
		
		

			
Pulp, paper, and paperboard mills
			
3221
			
0.7
			
-1.3
			
0.1
			
1.9
			
2.1
			
0.2
			
0.4
		
		

			
Converted paper products
			
3222
			
0.0
			
0.3
			
0.3
			
-0.3
			
0.9
			
-0.6
			
-0.1
		
		
		

			
Printing and related support activities
			
3231
			
0.0
			
-0.1
			
-0.3
			
-0.8
			
1.0
			
-0.2
			
-5.1
		
		
		

			
Petroleum and coal products
			
3241
			
-0.2
			
-1.9
			
1.9
			
3.0
			
-1.9
			
-0.9
			
1.2
		
		
		

			
Basic chemicals
			
3251
			
-0.1
			
-0.6
			
-2.4
			
-1.0
			
3.7
			
-0.8
			
-3.6
		
		

			
Resin, rubber, and artificial fibers
			
3252
			
0.2
			
-1.4
			
0.9
			
0.6
			
2.2
			
-1.1
			
-7.2
		
		

			
Agricultural chemicals
			
3253
			
0.6
			
1.0
			
1.3
			
0.4
			
3.0
			
-1.2
			
-3.9
		
		

			
Pharmaceuticals and medicines
			
3254
			
-1.7
			
-1.5
			
-1.8
			
-1.4
			
0.6
			
-3.2
			
-2.1
		
		

			
Paints, coatings, and adhesives
			
3255
			
-0.3
			
-1.9
			
-0.3
			
-0.5
			
1.3
			
-0.9
			
-5.9
		
		

			
Soaps, cleaning compounds, and toiletries
			
3256
			
0.5
			
-1.2
			
0.6
			
-0.7
			
4.5
			
-1.0
			
4.6
		
		

			
Other chemical products and preparations
			
3259
			
0.1
			
-1.2
			
0.8
			
1.9
			
0.0
			
-0.5
			
-4.9
		
		
		

			
Plastics products
			
3261
			
0.3
			
-0.1
			
1.5
			
0.6
			
0.8
			
-0.5
			
-2.3
		
		

			
Rubber products
			
3262
			
0.6
			
1.0
			
1.5
			
0.9
			
1.0
			
-0.3
			
-1.3
		
		

			
		
		

			
Clay products and refractories
			
3271
			
0.2
			
1.3
			
1.6
			
1.1
			
-0.4
			
-0.8
			
-4.8
		
		

			
Glass and glass products
			
3272
			
0.9
			
0.4
			
2.0
			
2.0
			
0.6
			
0.2
			
0.2
		
		

			
Cement and concrete products
			
3273
			
-0.3
			
1.3
			
0.8
			
0.4
			
0.1
			
-1.5
			
-3.6
		
		

			
Lime and gypsum products
			
3274
			
-0.6
			
-1.5
			
-1.8
			
0.9
			
0.7
			
-1.3
			
-2.9
		
		

			
Other nonmetallic mineral products
			
3279
			
0.5
			
-0.2
			
2.5
			
-0.6
			
2.4
			
-0.8
			
0.3
		
		

			
		
		

			
Iron and steel mills and ferroalloys
			
3311
			
1.2
			
0.9
			
2.1
			
2.3
			
0.3
			
0.9
			
-1.6
		
		

			
Steel products from purchased steel
			
3312
			
0.1
			
1.3
			
2.7
			
0.0
			
-0.4
			
-0.9
			
-5.8
		
		

			
Alumina and aluminum production
			
3313
			
0.9
			
-0.3
			
-0.2
			
0.8
			
1.2
			
1.5
			
3.4
		
		

			
Other nonferrous metal production
			
3314
			
0.4
			
-3.7
			
1.7
			
3.9
			
-3.2
			
1.6
			
3.6
		
		

			
Foundries
			
3315
			
0.4
			
-0.1
			
2.0
			
0.7
			
0.7
			
-0.4
			
-0.9
		
		

			
		
		

			
Forging and stamping
			
3321
			
0.7
			
-0.4
			
0.5
			
-0.3
			
4.1
			
-0.5
			
-0.4
		
		

			
Cutlery and handtools
			
3322
			
0.1
			
-1.1
			
1.0
			
-0.7
			
0.6
			
0.0
			
-1.7
		
		

			
Architectural and structural metals
			
3323
			
-0.2
			
-0.9
			
0.8
			
-1.0
			
1.4
			
-0.9
			
-2.0
		
		

			
Boilers, tanks, and shipping containers
			
3324
			
0.2
			
0.7
			
1.6
			
0.7
			
0.8
			
-1.1
			
-4.7
		
		

			
Hardware
			
3325
			
-0.5
			
-1.9
			
0.7
			
-0.2
			
-0.7
			
-0.6
			
-1.4
		
		

			
Spring and wire products
			
3326
			
0.3
			
0.5
			
1.5
			
0.0
			
1.7
			
-0.9
			
-5.2
		
		

			
Machine shops and threaded products
			
3327
			
0.7
			
1.4
			
3.2
			
0.0
			
1.6
			
-0.8
			
-4.6
		
		

			
Coating, engraving, and heat treating metals
			
3328
			
0.9
			
1.3
			
2.1
			
-0.9
			
3.6
			
-0.4
			
-3.2
		
		

			
Other fabricated metal products
			
3329
			
-0.6
			
-1.5
			
0.3
			
-1.3
			
1.9
			
-1.8
			
-2.9
		
		

			
		
		

			
Agriculture, construction, and mining machinery
			
3331
			
0.0
			
2.6
			
0.3
			
-1.0
			
1.6
			
-1.2
			
-3.2
		
		

			
Industrial machinery
			
3332
			
0.6
			
0.3
			
1.8
			
0.0
			
1.5
			
0.0
			
-0.8
		
		

			
Commercial and service industry machinery
			
3333
			
-0.2
			
1.0
			
0.0
			
-1.3
			
-0.5
			
0.1
			
-2.1
		
		

			
HVAC and commercial refrigeration equipment
			
3334
			
0.4
			
0.0
			
0.9
			
0.4
			
1.6
			
-0.5
			
-3.3
		
		

			
Metalworking machinery
			
3335
			
0.7
			
0.3
			
1.7
			
-1.3
			
2.7
			
0.1
			
-5.6
		
		

			
Turbine and power transmission equipment
			
3336
			
0.1
			
-0.5
			
0.2
			
0.6
			
-0.3
			
0.2
			
-0.6
		
		

			
Other general purpose machinery
			
3339
			
0.1
			
0.5
			
0.3
			
-0.2
			
1.9
			
-0.9
			
-3.0
		
		

			
		
		

			
Computer and peripheral equipment
			
3341
			
9.9
			
6.6
			
14.0
			
22.4
			
17.0
			
0.6
			
5.3
		
		

			
Communications equipment
			
3342
			
2.1
			
3.2
			
5.6
			
5.6
			
2.8
			
-1.5
			
2.3
		
		

			
Audio and video equipment
			
3343
			
2.3
			
3.2
			
2.9
			
3.0
			
2.9
			
1.3
			
-2.4
		
		

			
Semiconductors and electronic components
			
3344
			
8.3
			
6.4
			
18.3
			
21.8
			
7.5
			
0.3
			
-1.2
		
		

			
Electronic instruments
			
3345
			
0.4
			
1.7
			
1.1
			
-0.3
			
1.2
			
-0.5
			
-4.3
		
		

			
Magnetic media manufacturing and reproducing
			
3346
			
0.9
			
0.8
			
6.0
			
-2.7
			
2.2
			
-0.5
			
-7.8
		
		
		

			
Electric lighting equipment
			
3351
			
0.4
			
-2.4
			
0.4
			
0.4
			
1.4
			
0.6
			
-4.2
		
		

			
Household appliances
			
3352
			
1.5
			
-0.3
			
3.0
			
0.8
			
3.4
			
0.5
			
-1.1
		
		

			
Electrical equipment
			
3353
			
0.1
			
0.3
			
2.3
			
-1.7
			
1.1
			
-0.7
			
1.5
		
		

			
Other electrical equipment and components
			
3359
			
0.2
			
-2.0
			
1.3
			
0.8
			
0.3
			
0.0
			
-1.1
		
		

			
		
		

			
Motor vehicles
			
3361
			
0.2
			
0.4
			
-0.9
			
0.3
			
2.8
			
-0.8
			
-0.2
		
		

			
Motor vehicle bodies and trailers
			
3362
			
-0.2
			
-2.3
			
2.3
			
-1.2
			
0.2
			
-0.5
			
-3.0
		
		

			
Motor vehicle parts
			
3363
			
1.4
			
-0.8
			
3.2
			
1.7
			
2.1
			
0.6
			
-1.6
		
		

			
Aerospace products and parts
			
3364
			
0.4
			
-1.5
			
0.0
			
-0.2
			
2.1
			
0.4
			
0.7
		
		

			
Railroad rolling stock
			
3365
			
0.6
			
0.6
			
0.3
			
4.7
			
-1.7
			
0.4
			
-2.4
		
		

			
Ship and boat building
			
3366
			
0.3
			
0.3
			
-0.3
			
0.5
			
-0.4
			
0.9
			
-4.2
		
		

			
Other transportation equipment
			
3369
			
1.5
			
-2.2
			
6.3
			
-0.5
			
5.6
			
-1.0
			
-0.8
		
		

			
		
		

			
Household and institutional furniture
			
3371
			
0.2
			
-0.1
			
1.3
			
-0.2
			
1.0
			
-0.5
			
-5.6
		
		

			
Office furniture and fixtures
			
3372
			
0.3
			
-2.4
			
0.9
			
2.1
			
0.9
			
-0.4
			
-3.8
		
		

			
Other furniture related products
			
3379
			
0.4
			
0.0
			
1.4
			
0.3
			
1.7
			
-0.6
			
0.1
		
		

			
		
		

			
Medical equipment and supplies
			
3391
			
0.5
			
2.0
			
0.1
			
1.1
			
1.6
			
-0.7
			
-3.8
		
		

			
Other miscellaneous manufacturing
			
3399
			
0.4
			
0.9
			
0.6
			
0.7
			
1.3
			
-0.3
			
-2.5
		
		
		

			
Transportation

			
		
		

			
		
		

			
Air transportation
			
481
			
1.3
			
-0.7
			
-0.1
			
-0.1
			
4.5
			
1.0
			
0.9
		
		

			
Line-haul railroads
			
482111
			
1.7
			
3.9
			
4.4
			
1.6
			
1.3
			
0.2
			
-1.9
		
		

			
		
		
	
	

	
Table 4. Contributions to labor productivity

		

			
Industry
			
2017 

NAICS 

code
			
Average annual percent change, 1987-2019
		
		

			
Labor 

productivity
			
Contribution of 

capital intensity
			
Contribution of 
 intermediate purchases intensity
			
Multifactor 

productivity
		
		

		
		

		
		

		
	
	

		

			
Manufacturing

			
		
		

			
		
		

			
Animal food
			
 3111
			
1.4
			
0.3
			
1.2
			
-0.1
		
		

			
Grain and oilseed milling
			
 3112
			
1.7
			
0.2
			
1.4
			
0.0
		
		

			
Sugar and confectionery products
			
 3113
			
1.2
			
0.4
			
0.9
			
0.0
		
		

			
Fruit and vegetable preserving and specialty
			
 3114
			
0.7
			
0.2
			
0.4
			
0.1
		
		

			
Dairy products
			
 3115
			
1.0
			
0.2
			
0.7
			
0.1
		
		

			
Animal slaughtering and processing
			
 3116
			
0.5
			
0.1
			
-0.2
			
0.6
		
		

			
Seafood product preparation and packaging
			
 3117
			
1.2
			
0.2
			
0.6
			
0.4
		
		

			
Bakeries and tortilla products
			
 3118
			
0.0
			
0.1
			
0.6
			
-0.8
		
		

			
Other food products
			
 3119
			
0.2
			
-0.2
			
0.2
			
0.2
		
		

			
		
		

			
Beverages
			
 3121
			
0.2
			
-0.2
			
-0.1
			
0.5
		
		

			
Tobacco
			
 3122
			
2.2
			
2.2
			
0.6
			
-0.6
		
		
		

			
Fiber, yarn, and thread mills
			
 3131
			
2.1
			
0.1
			
1.1
			
1.0
		
		

			
Fabric mills
			
 3132
			
2.6
			
0.4
			
1.2
			
1.0
		
		

			
Textile and fabric finishing mills
			
 3133
			
1.2
			
0.2
			
0.8
			
0.1
		
		
		

			
Textile furnishings mills
			
 3141
			
0.3
			
0.4
			
0.2
			
-0.4
		
		

			
Other textile product mills
			
 3149
			
1.3
			
0.2
			
0.7
			
0.4
		
		

			
		
		

			
Apparel knitting mills
			
 3151
			
0.0
			
0.6
			
-0.1
			
-0.5
		
		

			
Cut and sew apparel
			
 3152
			
0.1
			
0.9
			
0.2
			
-0.9
		
		

			
Accessories and other apparel
			
 3159
			
-2.5
			
0.1
			
-0.7
			
-1.9
		
		

			
		
		

			
Leather and hide tanning and finishing
			
 3161
			
0.7
			
0.2
			
-0.5
			
1.1
		
		

			
Footwear
			
 3162
			
0.9
			
0.4
			
1.1
			
-0.6
		
		

			
Other leather products
			
 3169
			
0.0
			
0.4
			
0.1
			
-0.6
		
		

			
		
		

			
Sawmills and wood preservation
			
 3211
			
1.4
			
-0.1
			
0.7
			
0.8
		
		

			
Plywood and engineered wood products
			
 3212
			
0.5
			
-0.1
			
0.5
			
0.1
		
		

			
Other wood products
			
 3219
			
0.4
			
0.1
			
0.7
			
-0.4
		
		

			
		
		

			
Pulp, paper, and paperboard mills
			
 3221
			
2.1
			
0.4
			
1.0
			
0.7
		
		

			
Converted paper products
			
 3222
			
1.5
			
0.3
			
1.2
			
0.0
		
		
		

			
Printing and related support activities
			
 3231
			
1.1
			
0.3
			
0.8
			
0.0
		
		
		

			
Petroleum and coal products
			
 3241
			
1.9
			
0.2
			
2.0
			
-0.2
		
		
		

			
Basic chemicals
			
 3251
			
1.7
			
0.4
			
1.4
			
-0.1
		
		

			
Resin, rubber, and artificial fibers
			
 3252
			
1.7
			
0.4
			
1.2
			
0.2
		
		

			
Agricultural chemicals
			
 3253
			
1.4
			
0.5
			
0.2
			
0.6
		
		

			
Pharmaceuticals and medicines
			
 3254
			
-0.9
			
0.7
			
0.2
			
-1.7
		
		

			
Paints, coatings, and adhesives
			
 3255
			
0.2
			
0.1
			
0.5
			
-0.3
		
		

			
Soaps, cleaning compounds, and toiletries
			
 3256
			
1.4
			
0.6
			
0.3
			
0.5
		
		

			
Other chemical products and preparations
			
 3259
			
1.6
			
0.4
			
1.0
			
0.1
		
		
		

			
Plastics products
			
 3261
			
1.3
			
0.3
			
0.7
			
0.3
		
		

			
Rubber products
			
 3262
			
1.7
			
0.2
			
0.9
			
0.6
		
		

			
		
		

			
Clay products and refractories
			
 3271
			
0.9
			
0.2
			
0.5
			
0.2
		
		

			
Glass and glass products
			
 3272
			
2.0
			
0.3
			
0.8
			
0.9
		
		

			
Cement and concrete products
			
 3273
			
-0.3
			
-0.1
			
0.0
			
-0.3
		
		

			
Lime and gypsum products
			
 3274
			
0.8
			
0.5
			
0.9
			
-0.6
		
		

			
Other nonmetallic mineral products
			
 3279
			
0.7
			
-0.1
			
0.3
			
0.5
		
		

			
		
		

			
Iron and steel mills and ferroalloys
			
 3311
			
2.9
			
-0.1
			
1.8
			
1.2
		
		

			
Steel products from purchased steel
			
 3312
			
0.5
			
-0.2
			
0.6
			
0.1
		
		

			
Alumina and aluminum production
			
 3313
			
1.9
			
0.1
			
0.9
			
0.9
		
		

			
Other nonferrous metal production
			
 3314
			
1.4
			
0.2
			
0.7
			
0.4
		
		

			
Foundries
			
 3315
			
1.5
			
0.1
			
0.9
			
0.4
		
		

			
		
		

			
Forging and stamping
			
 3321
			
2.1
			
0.2
			
1.2
			
0.7
		
		

			
Cutlery and handtools
			
 3322
			
1.1
			
0.3
			
0.7
			
0.1
		
		

			
Architectural and structural metals
			
 3323
			
0.5
			
0.0
			
0.7
			
-0.2
		
		

			
Boilers, tanks, and shipping containers
			
 3324
			
0.9
			
0.0
			
0.7
			
0.2
		
		

			
Hardware
			
 3325
			
0.7
			
0.3
			
0.9
			
-0.5
		
		

			
Spring and wire products
			
 3326
			
1.7
			
0.3
			
1.1
			
0.3
		
		

			
Machine shops and threaded products
			
 3327
			
1.5
			
0.2
			
0.7
			
0.7
		
		

			
Coating, engraving, and heat treating metals
			
 3328
			
1.6
			
0.0
			
0.6
			
0.9
		
		

			
Other fabricated metal products
			
 3329
			
0.3
			
0.2
			
0.7
			
-0.6
		
		

			
		
		

			
Agriculture, construction, and mining machinery
			
 3331
			
1.6
			
0.1
			
1.6
			
0.0
		
		

			
Industrial machinery
			
 3332
			
1.5
			
0.1
			
0.7
			
0.6
		
		

			
Commercial and service industry machinery
			
 3333
			
1.2
			
0.2
			
1.2
			
-0.2
		
		

			
HVAC and commercial refrigeration equipment
			
 3334
			
1.2
			
0.2
			
0.7
			
0.4
		
		

			
Metalworking machinery
			
 3335
			
1.5
			
0.1
			
0.7
			
0.7
		
		

			
Turbine and power transmission equipment
			
 3336
			
1.3
			
0.1
			
1.0
			
0.1
		
		

			
Other general purpose machinery
			
 3339
			
1.6
			
0.1
			
1.4
			
0.1
		
		

			
		
		

			
Computer and peripheral equipment
			
 3341
			
13.3
			
1.1
			
1.9
			
9.9
		
		

			
Communications equipment
			
 3342
			
5.0
			
0.7
			
2.2
			
2.1
		
		

			
Audio and video equipment
			
 3343
			
2.4
			
0.1
			
-0.1
			
2.3
		
		

			
Semiconductors and electronic components
			
 3344
			
12.0
			
1.8
			
1.5
			
8.3
		
		

			
Electronic instruments
			
 3345
			
2.7
			
0.4
			
2.0
			
0.4
		
		

			
Magnetic media manufacturing and reproducing
			
 3346
			
0.1
			
0.3
			
-1.1
			
0.9
		
		
		

			
Electric lighting equipment
			
 3351
			
1.9
			
0.4
			
1.1
			
0.4
		
		

			
Household appliances
			
 3352
			
3.1
			
0.4
			
1.2
			
1.5
		
		

			
Electrical equipment
			
 3353
			
1.6
			
0.2
			
1.3
			
0.1
		
		

			
Other electrical equipment and components
			
 3359
			
0.8
			
0.1
			
0.6
			
0.2
		
		

			
		
		

			
Motor vehicles
			
 3361
			
2.5
			
0.3
			
1.9
			
0.2
		
		

			
Motor vehicle bodies and trailers
			
 3362
			
1.2
			
0.1
			
1.3
			
-0.2
		
		

			
Motor vehicle parts
			
 3363
			
2.7
			
0.0
			
1.2
			
1.4
		
		

			
Aerospace products and parts
			
 3364
			
1.9
			
0.3
			
1.1
			
0.4
		
		

			
Railroad rolling stock
			
 3365
			
2.7
			
0.1
			
2.0
			
0.6
		
		

			
Ship and boat building
			
 3366
			
1.5
			
0.1
			
1.1
			
0.3
		
		

			
Other transportation equipment
			
 3369
			
3.7
			
0.5
			
1.7
			
1.5
		
		

			
		
		

			
Household and institutional furniture
			
 3371
			
0.9
			
0.2
			
0.5
			
0.2
		
		

			
Office furniture and fixtures
			
 3372
			
1.2
			
0.3
			
0.6
			
0.3
		
		

			
Other furniture related products
			
 3379
			
2.0
			
0.1
			
1.4
			
0.4
		
		

			
		
		

			
Medical equipment and supplies
			
 3391
			
2.0
			
0.8
			
0.8
			
0.5
		
		

			
Other miscellaneous manufacturing
			
 3399
			
1.0
			
0.2
			
0.4
			
0.4
		
		
		

			
Transportation

			
		
		

			
		
		

			
Air transportation
			
 481
			
3.0
			
0.8
			
1.0
			
1.3
		
		

			
Line-haul railroads
			
 482111
			
3.4
			
0.7
			
1.0
			
1.7