For release 10:00 a.m. (EDT) Thursday, March 19, 2020				USDL-20-0452

Technical information:	(202) 691-6378  *  cpsinfo@bls.gov  *  www.bls.gov/cps
Media contact:		(202) 691-5902  *  PressOffice@bls.gov

(NOTE: Population controls used in the weighting of state data for veterans and
nonveterans in tables 6A and 6B of the Employment Situation of Veterans 2019 news
release were incorrect. All differences were minor and not statistically significant,
and have been corrected as of April 22, 2020.)


			    EMPLOYMENT SITUATION OF VETERANS -- 2019


The unemployment rate for veterans who served on active duty in the U.S. Armed Forces at any
time since September 2001--a group referred to as Gulf War-era II veterans--was 3.5 percent in
2019, little changed from 2018, the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics reported today. The
jobless rate for all veterans declined in 2019 to 3.1 percent. In August 2019, 41 percent of
Gulf War-era II veterans had a service-connected disability, compared with 25 percent of all
veterans.

This information was obtained from the Current Population Survey (CPS), a monthly sample
survey of about 60,000 eligible households that provides data on employment, unemployment,
and persons not in the labor force in the United States. Data about veterans are collected
monthly in the CPS; these monthly data are the source of the 2019 annual averages presented
in this news release. In August 2019, a supplement to the CPS collected additional
information about veterans on topics such as service-connected disability and veterans'
current or past Reserve or National Guard membership. Information from the supplement is
also presented in this news release. The supplement was co-sponsored by the U.S. Department
of Veterans Affairs and the U.S. Department of Labor's Veterans' Employment and Training
Service. For more information, see the Technical Note in this news release.

Highlights from the 2019 data:

   --The unemployment rate for male veterans declined to 3.0 percent in 2019, and the rate
     for female veterans (3.7 percent) changed little over the year. The unemployment rate
     for male veterans was not statistically different from the rate for female veterans.
     (See table A.)

   --Among the 284,000 unemployed veterans in 2019, 56 percent were ages 25 to 54, 39
     percent were age 55 and over, and 5 percent were ages 18 to 24. (See table 2A.) 

   --Veterans with a service-connected disability had an unemployment rate of 4.8 percent in
     August 2019, not statistically different from the rate for veterans with no disability
     (3.7 percent). (See table 7.) 

   --Gulf War-era II veterans who reported a service-connected disability rating of less than
     30 percent were much more likely to be in the labor force than those with a rating of 60
     percent or higher (92.2 percent, compared with 61.2 percent in August 2019). (See 
     table 7.)

   --In August 2019, 31 percent of employed veterans with a service-connected disability
     worked in the public sector, compared with 17 percent of veterans with no disability and
     13 percent of nonveterans. (See table 8.)

   --In 2019, the unemployment rate of veterans varied across the country, ranging from 0.9 
     percent in Maryland to 6.1 percent in Montana. (See table 6A.)

The Veteran Population

In 2019, 18.8 million men and women were veterans, accounting for about 8 percent of the
civilian noninstitutional population age 18 and over. Of all veterans, 1 in 10 were women. In
the survey, veterans are defined as men and women who have previously served on active duty in
the U.S. Armed Forces and who were civilians at the time these data were collected. Veterans
are much more likely to be men than are nonveterans, and they also tend to be older. In part,
this reflects the characteristics of veterans who served during World War II, the Korean War,
and the Vietnam era, all of whom are now over 60 years old. Veterans who served during these
wartime periods accounted for 38 percent (7.2 million) of the total veteran population in 2019.
Thirty-nine percent of veterans (7.4 million) served during Gulf War-era I (August 1990 to
August 2001) or Gulf War-era II (September 2001 to present). Twenty-two percent (4.2 million)
served outside the designated wartime periods. (See tables 1 and 2A.)

Gulf War-era II Veterans

In 2019, there were 4.3 million veterans who had served during Gulf War-era II (September 2001
to present). Seventeen percent of these veterans were women, compared with 3.5 percent of
veterans from World War II, the Korean War, and the Vietnam era. About two-thirds of all Gulf
War-era II veterans were between the ages of 25 and 44. (See tables 1 and 2A.)

Among Gulf War-era II veterans, the unemployment rate for men (3.4 percent) was lower than the
rate for women (4.7 percent) in 2019. The unemployment rates for men and women were little
changed over the year. (See table A.)

In 2019, the unemployment rate for male Gulf War-era II veterans, at 3.4 percent, was little
different from the rate for male nonveterans, at 3.7 percent. Among men ages 25 to 34, Gulf 
War-era II veterans had a lower unemployment rate (3.1 percent) than did nonveterans (3.8
percent). Among men ages 35 to 44, however, Gulf War-era II veterans had a higher unemployment
rate (3.6 percent) than did nonveterans (2.5 percent). (See table 2B.)

The unemployment rate for female Gulf War-era II veterans was 4.7 percent in 2019, higher than
the rate for female nonveterans (3.5 percent). By age, unemployment rates for female Gulf 
War-era II veterans and nonveterans were not statistically different, with one exception:
35- to 44-year-old female Gulf War-era II veterans had a rate of 5.0 percent, higher than the
rate of 2.9 percent for their nonveteran counterparts. (See table 2C.)

Employed Gulf War-era II veterans were about twice as likely to work in the public sector in
2019 as employed nonveterans--25 percent and 13 percent, respectively. Among the employed, 15 
percent of Gulf War-era II veterans worked for the federal government, compared with 2 percent
of nonveterans. (See table 5.)

In August 2019, 42 percent of Gulf War-era II veterans reported serving in Iraq, Afghanistan,
or both locations. These veterans had an unemployment rate of 4.5 percent, little different
from the rate for Gulf War-era II veterans who served elsewhere (4.8 percent). (See table 10.)

Gulf War-era I Veterans

In 2019, of the 3.1 million veterans who served during Gulf War-era I (August 1990 to August 2001),
the proportion who were women (16 percent) was similar to that of Gulf War-era II veterans (17 percent). 
All Gulf War-era I veterans were age 35 and over in 2019, compared with 57 percent of Gulf War-era II 
veterans. Nearly half of Gulf War-era I veterans were ages 45 to 54, 22 percent were ages 35 to 44, 
22 percent were ages 55 to 64, and 10 percent were age 65 and over. (See tables 1 and 2A.)

In 2019, the unemployment rates for male and female Gulf War-era I veterans were little 
different (2.7 percent and 2.0 percent, respectively). The rates for male and female Gulf
War-era I veterans were lower than those of their Gulf War-era II counterparts, at 3.4 percent
for male Gulf War-era II veterans and 4.7 percent for female Gulf War-era II veterans. The
difference in unemployment rates reflects, at least in part, the older age profile of veterans
who served during Gulf War-era I. Younger people--whether veterans or nonveterans--tend to
have higher unemployment rates than older people. (See tables 2B and 2C.)

Veterans of Other Service Periods 

In 2019, 4.2 million veterans had served on active duty during "other service periods,"
mainly between the Korean War and the Vietnam era and between the Vietnam era and Gulf War-era
I. All veterans from this period of service were age 45 and over at the time of the survey.
Thirteen percent of these veterans were ages 45 to 54 in 2019, 48 percent were ages 55 to 64,
and 39 percent were age 65 and over. (See table 2A.) 

In 2019, 1 in 10 veterans of other service periods were women. Among veterans of other service
periods, the unemployment rate for men (2.8 percent) was not statistically different from the
rate for women (3.9 percent). The rate for men declined over the year, while the rate for women
was little different. (See table 1.)

Veterans with a Service-connected Disability

In August 2019, 4.7 million veterans, or 25 percent of the total, had a service-connected
disability. Veterans with a service-connected disability are assigned a disability rating by
the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs or the U.S. Department of Defense. Ratings range from
0 to 100 percent, in increments of 10 percentage points, depending on the severity of the
condition. (See table 7.)

The unemployment rate for veterans with a service-connected disability was 4.8 percent in
August 2019, not statistically different from the rate for veterans with no disability (3.7 
percent). The labor force participation rate for veterans with a service-connected disability
(47.5 percent) was also not statistically different from the rate for veterans with no 
disability (48.1 percent).

Among veterans with a service-connected disability, 26 percent reported a disability rating 
of less than 30 percent, while another 44 percent had a rating of 60 percent or higher. In 
August 2019, veterans with a service-connected disability rating of less than 30 percent were
much more likely to be in the labor force than those with a rating of 60 percent or higher
(53.8 percent and 40.8 percent, respectively). The unemployment rate for veterans with a
disability rating of less than 30 percent was 3.0 percent, lower than the rate for those with
a disability rating of 60 percent or higher (8.6 percent).

Among veterans who served during Gulf War-era II, 41 percent (1.8 million) reported a 
service-connected disability in August 2019. In August 2019, 72.7 percent of all Gulf War-era
II veterans with a service-connected disability were in the labor force, lower than the 84.8
percent for veterans from this period with no service-connected disability. Among Gulf War-era
II veterans, the unemployment rate for those with a service-connected disability was 5.5 
percent, not statistically different from those with no disability (4.4 percent). 

Among Gulf War-era II veterans with a service-connected disability, 17 percent reported a 
disability rating of less than 30 percent and another 55 percent reported a disability rating
of 60 percent or higher in August 2019. Gulf War-era II veterans who reported a disability 
rating of less than 30 percent were much more likely to be in the labor force than those with 
a rating of 60 percent or higher (92.2 percent, compared with 61.2 percent). The unemployment
rate for veterans with a disability rating of less than 30 percent was 2.3 percent in August
2019, much lower than the rate for those with a disability rating of 60 percent or higher
(9.4 percent).

In August 2019, 26 percent (768,000) of veterans who served during Gulf War-era I reported a
service-connected disability. Their labor force participation rate (62.6 percent) was lower
than the rate for veterans who did not have a disability (81.4 percent). The unemployment rate
for Gulf War-era I veterans with a service-connected disability (2.5 percent) was not
statistically different from that for Gulf War-era I veterans without a service-connected
disability (3.4 percent).

Fifteen percent (641,000) of veterans who served during other service periods reported a 
service-connected disability in August 2019. The labor force participation rate of these
veterans (38.2 percent) was lower than their counterparts without a service-connected 
disability (47.0 percent), while the unemployment rates were not statistically different for
veterans with a service-connected disability (5.1 percent) and those with no disability (3.6 
percent).

Regardless of period of service, many veterans with a service-connected disability worked in
the public sector. In August 2019, 31 percent of employed veterans with a disability worked in
federal, state, or local government, compared with 17 percent of veterans with no disability
and 13 percent of nonveterans. Twenty percent of employed veterans with a disability worked for
the federal government, compared with 8 percent of veterans with no disability and 2 percent of
nonveterans. (See table 8.)

Reserve and National Guard Membership 

In August 2019, one-third of Gulf War-era veterans (August 1990 to present) were current or 
past members of the Reserve or National Guard. The labor force participation rate was higher 
for veterans who were current or past members of the Reserve or National Guard (81.9 percent) 
than for veterans who were never members (76.6 percent). Among Gulf War-era veterans, those who
were current or past members of the Reserve or National Guard had an unemployment rate (4.7
percent), not statistically different from that for those who had never been members (3.9
percent). (See table 9.)

Table A. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population 18 years and over by veteran status, period of service, and sex, 2018-2019 annual averages [Numbers in thousands]

Veteran status and period of service	2018			2019
	Total	Men	Women	Total	Men	Women
TOTAL VETERANS
Civilian noninstitutional population	19,201	17,335	1,866	18,822	16,938	1,884
Civilian labor force	9,453	8,320	1,133	9,270	8,169	1,101
Participation rate	49.2	48.0	60.7	49.2	48.2	58.4
Employed	9,127	8,027	1,099	8,986	7,926	1,060
Employment-population ratio	47.5	46.3	58.9	47.7	46.8	56.2
Unemployed	326	292	34	284	243	41
Unemployment rate	3.5	3.5	3.0	3.1	3.0	3.7
Not in labor force	9,748	9,015	732	9,552	8,769	784
Gulf War-era II veterans
Civilian noninstitutional population	4,149	3,444	704	4,328	3,602	726
Civilian labor force	3,358	2,853	505	3,468	2,974	495
Participation rate	80.9	82.8	71.7	80.1	82.6	68.1
Employed	3,229	2,742	487	3,345	2,874	471
Employment-population ratio	77.8	79.6	69.1	77.3	79.8	64.9
Unemployed	129	111	18	123	100	23
Unemployment rate	3.8	3.9	3.5	3.5	3.4	4.7
Not in labor force	791	592	200	860	628	232
NONVETERANS
Civilian noninstitutional population	229,673	102,817	126,857	231,555	103,960	127,595
Civilian labor force	150,489	76,774	73,715	152,188	77,491	74,697
Participation rate	65.5	74.7	58.1	65.7	74.5	58.5
Employed	144,797	73,824	70,972	146,763	74,655	72,107
Employment-population ratio	63.0	71.8	55.9	63.4	71.8	56.5
Unemployed	5,693	2,950	2,743	5,425	2,835	2,590
Unemployment rate	3.8	3.8	3.7	3.6	3.7	3.5
Not in labor force	79,184	26,043	53,141	79,367	26,469	52,898
NOTE: Veterans are men and women who served on active duty in the U.S. Armed Forces and were not on active duty at the time of the survey. Gulf War-era II veterans served on active duty anywhere in the world sometime since September 2001. Nonveterans never served on active duty in the U.S. Armed Forces. Effective with data for November 2017, estimates for veterans incorporate population controls derived from an updated Department of Veterans Affairs population model.

Technical Note

   The data in this release were collected through the Current Population Survey
(CPS). The CPS--a monthly survey of about 60,000 eligible households conducted by
the U.S. Census Bureau for the Bureau of Labor Statistics--obtains information
on employment and unemployment among the nation's civilian noninstitutional
population age 16 and over.

   Most of the data in this release are annual averages, compiled from the
results of the monthly survey. In August, a supplement to the CPS collected
additional information about veterans on topics such as service-connected disability,
veterans' Reserve or National Guard status, and veterans who served in Iraq and/or
Afghanistan. The supplement was co-sponsored by the U.S. Department of Veterans
Affairs and by the U.S. Department of Labor's Veterans' Employment and Training
Service. Questions were asked of persons 17 years of age and older regarding their
prior service in the U.S. Armed Forces. Data are tabulated for persons 18 years of
age and older.

   Information in this release will be made available to sensory impaired individuals
upon request. Voice phone: (202) 691-5200; Federal Relay Service: (800) 877-8339.

Definitions

   The definitions underlying the data in this release are as follows:

   Veterans are men and women who previously served on active duty in the U.S.
Armed Forces and who were civilians at the time they were surveyed. Members of
the Reserve and National Guard are counted as veterans if they had ever been
called  to active duty. Persons who are on active duty at the time of the survey
are outside the scope of the survey and thus not in the estimates shown here, as
are persons who reside in institutions, such as nursing homes and prisons.

   Nonveterans are men and women who never served on active duty in the U.S.
Armed Forces.

   World War II, Korean War, Vietnam-era, and Gulf War-era veterans are men and
women who served in the U.S. Armed Forces during these periods of service,
regardless of where in the world they served. Veterans who served in more than
one wartime period are classified in the most recent one.

   Veterans of other service periods are men and women who served in the U.S. Armed
Forces at any time other than World War II, the Korean War, the Vietnam era, or
the Gulf War era. Although U.S. Armed Forces were engaged in several armed conflicts
during other service periods, these conflicts were more limited in scope and included
a smaller proportion of the Armed Forces than the selected wartime periods. Veterans
who served during one of the selected wartime periods and during another period are
classified in the wartime period.

   Veteran status is obtained from responses to the question, "Did you ever serve
on active duty in the U.S. Armed Forces?"

   Period of service identifies when a veteran served in the Armed Forces, but 
not the location of their service. It is obtained from answers to the question 
asked of veterans, "When did you serve on active duty in the  U.S. Armed Forces?"

   The following service periods are identified:

      Gulf War era II -- September 2001-present
      Gulf War era I  -- August 1990-August 2001
      Vietnam era     -- August 1964-April 1975
      Korean War      -- July 1950-January 1955
      World War II    -- December 1941-December 1946
      Other service periods -- All other time periods

   Veterans could have served anywhere in the world during these periods of service.
Veterans are counted only in one period of service, their most recent wartime period.
Veterans who served in more than one wartime period are classified in the most recent
one. Veterans who served in both a wartime period and any other service period are
classified in the wartime period. The period-of-service definitions are modified
occasionally to reflect changes in law, regulations, and program needs of the survey
sponsors.

   Veterans who served in Iraq, Afghanistan, or both are individuals who served in
Iraq at any time since March 2003, in Afghanistan at any time since October 2001,
or in both locations. Service in Iraq or Afghanistan is determined by answers to
two questions: "Did you serve in Iraq, off the coast of Iraq, or did you fly missions
over Iraq at any time since March 2003?" and "Did you serve in Afghanistan, or
did you fly missions over Afghanistan, at any time since October 2001?"

   Presence of service-connected disability is determined by answers to the question,
"Has the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) or Department of Defense (DoD) determined
that you have a service-connected disability, that is, a health condition or
impairment caused or made worse by any of your military service?"

   Service-connected disability rating is based on answers to the question, "What
is your current service-connected disability rating?" Answers can range from 0 to
100 percent, in increments of 10 percentage points. Ratings are determined by the
VA or DoD from a rating schedule published in the Code of Federal Regulations,
Title 38, "Pensions, Bonuses, and Veterans' Relief," Part 4--"Schedule for Rating
Disabilities." The rating schedule is "primarily a guide in the evaluation of 
disability resulting from all types of diseases and injuries encountered as a result
of or incident to military service. The percentage ratings represent as far as can
practicably be determined the average impairment in earning capacity resulting from
such diseases and injuries and their residual conditions in civil occupations." 
Part 4 contains a listing of hundreds of possible disorders and assigns ratings of
0 through 100 percent, with instructions for rating multiple disorders.

   Reserve and National Guard membership refers only to Gulf War-era veterans who are
current or past members of the Reserve or National Guard. Members of the Reserve and
National Guard are counted as veterans if they had ever been called to active duty.
These data do not refer to all persons who may have ever served in the Reserve or 
National Guard. Reserve or National Guard status is obtained from answers to two 
questions. Gulf War-era veterans were asked: "Was any of your active service the 
result of a call-up from the Reserve or National Guard?" If the answer was no, they
were  asked, "Have you ever been a member of the Reserve or National Guard?" A 'yes'
response to either question classified persons as "Current or past member of the 
Reserve or National Guard." A 'no' response to the latter question classified
persons as "Never a member of the Reserve or National Guard."

Reliability of the estimates

   Statistics based on the CPS are subject to both sampling and nonsampling error.
When a sample, rather than the entire population, is surveyed, there is a chance that
the sample estimates will differ from the true population values they represent. The
component of this difference that occurs because samples differ by chance is known as
sampling error, and its variability is measured by the standard error of the estimate.
There is about a 90-percent chance, or level of confidence, that an estimate based on
a sample will differ by no more than 1.6 standard errors from the true population
value because of sampling error. BLS analyses are generally conducted at the 90-percent
level of confidence.

   The CPS data also are affected by nonsampling error. Nonsampling error can occur
for many reasons, including the failure to sample a segment of the population, the
inability to obtain information for all respondents in the sample, the inability or
unwillingness of respondents to provide correct information, and errors made in the
collection or processing of the data.

   Information about the reliability of national data from the CPS and estimating
standard errors is available at www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#reliability.

   For a discussion of the reliability of state estimates from the CPS, such as those
in tables 6A and 6B of this release, see https://www.bls.gov/opub/geographic-profile/home.htm.

Comparability of estimates

   Effective with data for November 2017, estimates for veterans incorporate population 
controls derived from an updated Department of Veterans Affairs' population model. 
In accordance with usual practice, BLS did not revise estimates for previous years. 
Information about the updated veteran population model is available from the Department 
of Veterans Affairs at https://www.va.gov/vetdata/docs/Demographics/New_Vetpop_Model/Vetpop16_Overview.pdf.

Table 1. Employment status of persons 18 years and over by veteran status, period of service, sex, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2019 annual averages [Numbers in thousands]

Veteran status, period of service, sex, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity	Civilian noninsti- tutional population	Civilian labor force						Not in labor force
		Total	Percent of population	Employed		Unemployed
				Total	Percent of population	Total	Percent of labor force
TOTAL
Total, 18 years and over	250,377	161,458	64.5	155,749	62.2	5,709	3.5	88,919
Veterans	18,822	9,270	49.2	8,986	47.7	284	3.1	9,552
Gulf War era, total	7,399	5,808	78.5	5,624	76.0	183	3.2	1,591
Gulf War era II	4,328	3,468	80.1	3,345	77.3	123	3.5	860
Gulf War era I	3,070	2,339	76.2	2,279	74.2	60	2.6	731
WW II, Korean War, and Vietnam era	7,213	1,479	20.5	1,437	19.9	42	2.8	5,735
Other service periods	4,210	1,983	47.1	1,925	45.7	59	3.0	2,227
Nonveterans	231,555	152,188	65.7	146,763	63.4	5,425	3.6	79,367
Men
Total, 18 years and over	120,898	85,660	70.9	82,582	68.3	3,078	3.6	35,238
Veterans	16,938	8,169	48.2	7,926	46.8	243	3.0	8,769
Gulf War era, total	6,170	4,968	80.5	4,815	78.0	153	3.1	1,202
Gulf War era II	3,602	2,974	82.6	2,874	79.8	100	3.4	628
Gulf War era I	2,568	1,994	77.6	1,941	75.6	53	2.7	574
WW II, Korean War, and Vietnam era	6,964	1,425	20.5	1,386	19.9	39	2.7	5,539
Other service periods	3,803	1,776	46.7	1,726	45.4	51	2.8	2,027
Nonveterans	103,960	77,491	74.5	74,655	71.8	2,835	3.7	26,469
Women
Total, 18 years and over	129,479	75,798	58.5	73,167	56.5	2,631	3.5	53,681
Veterans	1,884	1,101	58.4	1,060	56.2	41	3.7	784
Gulf War era, total	1,228	840	68.4	810	65.9	30	3.6	389
Gulf War era II	726	495	68.1	471	64.9	23	4.7	232
Gulf War era I	502	345	68.7	338	67.4	7	2.0	157
WW II, Korean War, and Vietnam era	249	54	21.6	51	20.4	3	5.4	195
Other service periods	407	207	50.9	199	49.0	8	3.9	200
Nonveterans	127,595	74,697	58.5	72,107	56.5	2,590	3.5	52,898
White
Total, 18 years and over	194,408	124,956	64.3	121,012	62.2	3,944	3.2	69,453
Veterans	15,580	7,466	47.9	7,260	46.6	206	2.8	8,114
Gulf War era, total	5,710	4,533	79.4	4,406	77.2	127	2.8	1,177
Gulf War era II	3,313	2,692	81.3	2,612	78.8	81	3.0	621
Gulf War era I	2,397	1,841	76.8	1,794	74.9	46	2.5	557
WW II, Korean War, and Vietnam era	6,379	1,308	20.5	1,274	20.0	35	2.6	5,071
Other service periods	3,491	1,624	46.5	1,580	45.3	44	2.7	1,867
Nonveterans	178,828	117,490	65.7	113,752	63.6	3,738	3.2	61,338
Black or African American
Total, 18 years and over	31,764	20,431	64.3	19,232	60.5	1,199	5.9	11,333
Veterans	2,322	1,272	54.8	1,210	52.1	62	4.9	1,049
Gulf War era, total	1,173	882	75.2	837	71.3	45	5.1	291
Gulf War era II	677	512	75.7	477	70.5	35	6.8	165
Gulf War era I	495	369	74.6	359	72.5	10	2.8	126
WW II, Korean War, and Vietnam era	586	103	17.6	97	16.6	6	5.7	483
Other service periods	563	287	51.0	276	49.0	11	3.9	276
Nonveterans	29,442	19,159	65.1	18,022	61.2	1,137	5.9	10,283
Asian
Total, 18 years and over	15,788	10,334	65.5	10,062	63.7	272	2.6	5,454
Veterans	333	193	57.8	186	55.8	7	3.6	140
Gulf War era, total	179	133	74.6	128	71.3	6	4.4	45
Gulf War era II	108	87	80.1	83	77.0	3	3.9	21
Gulf War era I	71	47	66.2	44	62.6	3	5.4	24
WW II, Korean War, and Vietnam era	110	40	36.2	40	36.0	0	0.6	70
Other service periods	44	19	43.8	19	42.1	1	-	25
Nonveterans	15,455	10,142	65.6	9,876	63.9	266	2.6	5,313
Hispanic or Latino ethnicity
Total, 18 years and over	41,326	28,600	69.2	27,425	66.4	1,176	4.1	12,726
Veterans	1,358	856	63.0	835	61.5	21	2.4	502
Gulf War era, total	812	655	80.6	636	78.3	19	2.9	158
Gulf War era II	540	440	81.4	426	78.8	14	3.2	100
Gulf War era I	272	215	79.0	210	77.3	5	2.2	57
WW II, Korean War, and Vietnam era	311	79	25.4	78	25.1	1	1.2	232
Other service periods	235	122	52.0	121	51.6	1	0.8	113
Nonveterans	39,968	27,744	69.4	26,589	66.5	1,155	4.2	12,224
NOTE: Veterans are men and women who served on active duty in the U.S. Armed Forces and were not on active duty at the time of the survey. Nonveterans never served on active duty in the U.S. Armed Forces. Veterans could have served anywhere in the world during these periods of service: Gulf War era II (September 2001-present), Gulf War era I (August 1990-August 2001), Vietnam era (August 1964-April 1975), Korean War (July 1950-January 1955), World War II (December 1941-December 1946), and other service periods (all other time periods). Veterans are counted in only one period of service, their most recent wartime period. Veterans who served in more than one wartime period are classified in the most recent one. Veterans who served in both a wartime period and any other service period are classified in the wartime period. Estimates for the above race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. Persons whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Dash indicates no data or data that do not meet publication criteria (values not shown where base is less than 35,000).

Table 2A. Employment status of persons 18 years and over by veteran status, age, and period of service, 2019 annual averages [Numbers in thousands]

Veteran status, age, and period of service	Civilian noninsti- tutional population	Civilian labor force						Not in labor force
		Total	Percent of population	Employed		Unemployed
				Total	Percent of population	Total	Percent of labor force
TOTAL VETERANS
Total, 18 years and over	18,822	9,270	49.2	8,986	47.7	284	3.1	9,552
18 to 24 years	261	193	73.9	179	68.4	14	7.4	68
25 to 34 years	1,585	1,302	82.2	1,260	79.5	43	3.3	283
35 to 44 years	2,013	1,699	84.4	1,641	81.6	57	3.4	314
45 to 54 years	2,622	2,199	83.9	2,140	81.6	59	2.7	422
55 to 64 years	3,519	2,234	63.5	2,169	61.6	65	2.9	1,285
65 years and over	8,823	1,642	18.6	1,597	18.1	45	2.8	7,181
Gulf War era, total
Total, 18 years and over	7,399	5,808	78.5	5,624	76.0	183	3.2	1,591
18 to 24 years	261	193	73.9	179	68.4	14	7.4	68
25 to 34 years	1,585	1,302	82.2	1,260	79.5	43	3.3	283
35 to 44 years	2,013	1,699	84.4	1,641	81.6	57	3.4	314
45 to 54 years	2,092	1,763	84.3	1,717	82.1	46	2.6	329
55 to 64 years	1,058	749	70.8	728	68.9	21	2.8	309
65 years and over	391	102	26.1	100	25.5	2	2.1	289
Gulf War era II
Total, 18 years and over	4,328	3,468	80.1	3,345	77.3	123	3.5	860
18 to 24 years	261	193	73.9	179	68.4	14	7.4	68
25 to 34 years	1,585	1,302	82.2	1,260	79.5	43	3.3	283
35 to 44 years	1,349	1,125	83.4	1,082	80.2	43	3.8	224
45 to 54 years	660	538	81.5	523	79.2	15	2.8	122
55 to 64 years	378	282	74.6	274	72.7	7	2.5	96
65 years and over	96	29	30.3	28	29.6	1	-	67
Gulf War era I
Total, 35 years and over	3,070	2,339	76.2	2,279	74.2	60	2.6	731
35 to 44 years	664	574	86.5	560	84.3	14	2.5	90
45 to 54 years	1,432	1,225	85.5	1,194	83.4	31	2.5	207
55 to 64 years	680	467	68.7	454	66.7	14	2.9	213
65 years and over	295	73	24.7	71	24.2	2	2.2	222
WW II, Korean War, and Vietnam era
Total, 55 years and over	7,213	1,479	20.5	1,437	19.9	42	2.8	5,735
55 to 64 years	431	185	42.9	180	41.8	5	2.6	246
65 years and over	6,782	1,294	19.1	1,257	18.5	37	2.9	5,488
Other service periods
Total, 45 years and over	4,210	1,983	47.1	1,925	45.7	59	3.0	2,227
45 to 54 years	530	437	82.5	424	80.0	13	3.0	93
55 to 64 years	2,031	1,300	64.0	1,261	62.1	39	3.0	730
65 years and over	1,650	246	14.9	240	14.6	6	2.5	1,404
TOTAL NONVETERANS
Total, 18 years and over	231,555	152,188	65.7	146,763	63.4	5,425	3.6	79,367
18 to 24 years	28,689	18,818	65.6	17,354	60.5	1,464	7.8	9,870
25 to 34 years	43,292	35,889	82.9	34,548	79.8	1,341	3.7	7,403
35 to 44 years	38,947	32,358	83.1	31,486	80.8	873	2.7	6,589
45 to 54 years	37,823	30,732	81.3	29,901	79.1	831	2.7	7,091
55 to 64 years	38,725	25,372	65.5	24,724	63.8	648	2.6	13,353
65 years and over	44,079	9,018	20.5	8,750	19.9	268	3.0	35,061
NOTE: Veterans are men and women who served on active duty in the U.S. Armed Forces and were not on active duty at the time of the survey. Nonveterans never served on active duty in the U.S. Armed Forces. Veterans could have served anywhere in the world during these periods of service: Gulf War era II (September 2001-present), Gulf War era I (August 1990-August 2001), Vietnam era (August 1964-April 1975), Korean War (July 1950-January 1955), World War II (December 1941-December 1946), and other service periods (all other time periods). Veterans are counted in only one period of service, their most recent wartime period. Veterans who served in more than one wartime period are classified in the most recent one. Veterans who served in both a wartime period and any other service period are classified in the wartime period. Dash indicates no data or data that do not meet publication criteria (values not shown where base is less than 35,000).

Table 2B. Employment status of men 18 years and over by veteran status, age, and period of service, 2019 annual averages [Numbers in thousands]

Veteran status, age, and period of service	Civilian noninsti- tutional population	Civilian labor force						Not in labor force
		Total	Percent of population	Employed		Unemployed
				Total	Percent of population	Total	Percent of labor force
VETERANS, MEN
Total, 18 years and over	16,938	8,169	48.2	7,926	46.8	243	3.0	8,769
18 to 24 years	203	161	79.3	150	73.7	11	7.1	42
25 to 34 years	1,281	1,098	85.7	1,064	83.1	34	3.1	183
35 to 44 years	1,636	1,418	86.7	1,372	83.9	47	3.3	217
45 to 54 years	2,253	1,925	85.5	1,873	83.1	52	2.7	328
55 to 64 years	3,088	1,987	64.3	1,930	62.5	57	2.9	1,102
65 years and over	8,477	1,580	18.6	1,538	18.1	42	2.7	6,897
Gulf War era, total
Total, 18 years and over	6,170	4,968	80.5	4,815	78.0	153	3.1	1,202
18 to 24 years	203	161	79.3	150	73.7	11	7.1	42
25 to 34 years	1,281	1,098	85.7	1,064	83.1	34	3.1	183
35 to 44 years	1,636	1,418	86.7	1,372	83.9	47	3.3	217
45 to 54 years	1,798	1,541	85.7	1,501	83.5	41	2.6	257
55 to 64 years	902	656	72.6	637	70.5	19	2.9	247
65 years and over	350	94	26.9	92	26.3	2	2.3	256
Gulf War era II
Total, 18 years and over	3,602	2,974	82.6	2,874	79.8	100	3.4	628
18 to 24 years	203	161	79.3	150	73.7	11	7.1	42
25 to 34 years	1,281	1,098	85.7	1,064	83.1	34	3.1	183
35 to 44 years	1,108	950	85.7	916	82.6	34	3.6	158
45 to 54 years	584	482	82.5	468	80.0	14	3.0	102
55 to 64 years	340	257	75.6	251	74.0	5	2.1	83
65 years and over	85	26	29.9	25	29.2	1	-	60
Gulf War era I
Total, 35 years and over	2,568	1,994	77.6	1,941	75.6	53	2.7	574
35 to 44 years	527	468	88.8	456	86.4	12	2.6	59
45 to 54 years	1,214	1,059	87.2	1,033	85.1	26	2.5	155
55 to 64 years	563	399	70.9	385	68.5	14	3.4	164
65 years and over	265	69	25.9	67	25.3	2	2.3	196
WW II, Korean War, and Vietnam era
Total, 55 years and over	6,964	1,425	20.5	1,386	19.9	39	2.7	5,539
55 to 64 years	397	169	42.5	165	41.7	3	2.0	228
65 years and over	6,568	1,256	19.1	1,221	18.6	35	2.8	5,311
Other service periods
Total, 45 years and over	3,803	1,776	46.7	1,726	45.4	51	2.8	2,027
45 to 54 years	455	384	84.4	373	81.9	11	3.0	71
55 to 64 years	1,789	1,163	65.0	1,128	63.0	35	3.0	627
65 years and over	1,559	229	14.7	225	14.4	4	1.9	1,330
NONVETERANS, MEN
Total, 18 years and over	103,960	77,491	74.5	74,655	71.8	2,835	3.7	26,469
18 to 24 years	14,317	9,552	66.7	8,702	60.8	850	8.9	4,765
25 to 34 years	21,105	18,850	89.3	18,143	86.0	707	3.8	2,255
35 to 44 years	18,508	16,878	91.2	16,450	88.9	428	2.5	1,630
45 to 54 years	17,521	15,362	87.7	14,943	85.3	419	2.7	2,159
55 to 64 years	17,249	12,563	72.8	12,257	71.1	306	2.4	4,686
65 years and over	15,260	4,286	28.1	4,161	27.3	125	2.9	10,974
NOTE: Veterans are men and women who served on active duty in the U.S. Armed Forces and were not on active duty at the time of the survey. Nonveterans never served on active duty in the U.S. Armed Forces. Veterans could have served anywhere in the world during these periods of service: Gulf War era II (September 2001-present), Gulf War era I (August 1990-August 2001), Vietnam era (August 1964-April 1975), Korean War (July 1950-January 1955), World War II (December 1941-December 1946), and other service periods (all other time periods). Veterans are counted in only one period of service, their most recent wartime period. Veterans who served in more than one wartime period are classified in the most recent one. Veterans who served in both a wartime period and any other service period are classified in the wartime period. Dash indicates no data or data that do not meet publication criteria (values not shown where base is less than 35,000).

Table 2C. Employment status of women 18 years and over by veteran status, age, and period of service, 2019 annual averages [Numbers in thousands]

Veteran status, age, and period of service	Civilian noninsti- tutional population	Civilian labor force						Not in labor force
		Total	Percent of population	Employed		Unemployed
				Total	Percent of population	Total	Percent of labor force
VETERANS, WOMEN
Total, 18 years and over	1,884	1,101	58.4	1,060	56.2	41	3.7	784
18 to 24 years	58	32	55.0	29	50.0	3	-	26
25 to 34 years	303	204	67.3	195	64.3	9	4.4	99
35 to 44 years	377	281	74.4	270	71.5	11	3.9	97
45 to 54 years	369	274	74.4	267	72.5	7	2.6	94
55 to 64 years	431	247	57.4	239	55.5	8	3.2	184
65 years and over	346	63	18.1	59	17.1	3	5.3	284
Gulf War era, total
Total, 18 years and over	1,228	840	68.4	810	65.9	30	3.6	389
18 to 24 years	58	32	55.0	29	50.0	3	-	26
25 to 34 years	303	204	67.3	195	64.3	9	4.4	99
35 to 44 years	377	281	74.4	270	71.5	11	3.9	97
45 to 54 years	294	222	75.4	216	73.5	5	2.4	72
55 to 64 years	155	93	60.2	92	59.0	2	2.0	62
65 years and over	41	8	-	8	-	0	-	33
Gulf War era II
Total, 18 years and over	726	495	68.1	471	64.9	23	4.7	232
18 to 24 years	58	32	55.0	29	50.0	3	-	26
25 to 34 years	303	204	67.3	195	64.3	9	4.4	99
35 to 44 years	240	174	72.5	165	68.9	9	5.0	66
45 to 54 years	76	56	73.5	55	72.4	1	1.4	20
55 to 64 years	38	25	65.6	23	60.9	2	-	13
65 years and over	11	4	-	4	-	0	-	7
Gulf War era I
Total, 35 years and over	502	345	68.7	338	67.4	7	2.0	157
35 to 44 years	137	106	77.7	104	76.1	2	2.0	31
45 to 54 years	218	166	76.1	161	73.9	5	2.8	52
55 to 64 years	117	69	58.5	69	58.4	0	0.2	49
65 years and over	30	4	-	4	-	0	-	26
WW II, Korean War, and Vietnam era
Total, 55 years and over	249	54	21.6	51	20.4	3	5.4	195
55 to 64 years	34	16	-	14	-	1	-	18
65 years and over	215	38	17.6	36	16.9	1	3.9	177
Other service periods
Total, 45 years and over	407	207	50.9	199	49.0	8	3.9	200
45 to 54 years	75	53	70.5	51	68.3	2	3.1	22
55 to 64 years	241	138	57.0	133	55.1	5	3.3	104
65 years and over	91	17	18.7	15	16.7	2	-	74
NONVETERANS, WOMEN
Total, 18 years and over	127,595	74,697	58.5	72,107	56.5	2,590	3.5	52,898
18 to 24 years	14,372	9,267	64.5	8,652	60.2	614	6.6	5,105
25 to 34 years	22,187	17,039	76.8	16,405	73.9	634	3.7	5,148
35 to 44 years	20,439	15,480	75.7	15,036	73.6	445	2.9	4,959
45 to 54 years	20,302	15,370	75.7	14,958	73.7	412	2.7	4,932
55 to 64 years	21,476	12,809	59.6	12,467	58.1	342	2.7	8,667
65 years and over	28,819	4,732	16.4	4,589	15.9	143	3.0	24,087
NOTE: Veterans are men and women who served on active duty in the U.S. Armed Forces and were not on active duty at the time of the survey. Nonveterans never served on active duty in the U.S. Armed Forces. Veterans could have served anywhere in the world during these periods of service: Gulf War era II (September 2001-present), Gulf War era I (August 1990-August 2001), Vietnam era (August 1964-April 1975), Korean War (July 1950-January 1955), World War II (December 1941-December 1946), and other service periods (all other time periods). Veterans are counted in only one period of service, their most recent wartime period. Veterans who served in more than one wartime period are classified in the most recent one. Veterans who served in both a wartime period and any other service period are classified in the wartime period. Dash indicates no data or data that do not meet publication criteria (values not shown where base is less than 35,000).

Table 3. Employment status of persons 25 years and over by veteran status, period of service, and educational attainment, 2019 annual averages [Numbers in thousands]

Veteran status, period of service, and educational attainment	Civilian noninsti- tutional population	Civilian labor force						Not in labor force
		Total	Percent of population	Employed		Unemployed
				Total	Percent of population	Total	Percent of labor force
VETERANS
Total, 25 years and over	18,561	9,077	48.9	8,807	47.5	269	3.0	9,484
Less than a high school diploma	738	176	23.9	171	23.1	6	3.2	562
High school graduates, no college	5,247	2,265	43.2	2,199	41.9	65	2.9	2,982
Some college or associate degree	6,446	3,280	50.9	3,172	49.2	108	3.3	3,166
Bachelor's degree and higher	6,130	3,356	54.8	3,266	53.3	91	2.7	2,773
Gulf War era, total
Total, 25 years and over	7,138	5,615	78.7	5,446	76.3	169	3.0	1,523
Less than a high school diploma	75	46	61.3	44	57.9	3	5.5	29
High school graduates, no college	1,625	1,253	77.2	1,216	74.8	38	3.0	371
Some college or associate degree	2,767	2,125	76.8	2,055	74.3	70	3.3	642
Bachelor's degree and higher	2,670	2,190	82.0	2,131	79.8	59	2.7	480
Gulf War era II
Total, 25 years and over	4,067	3,275	80.5	3,167	77.9	109	3.3	792
Less than a high school diploma	39	26	66.6	24	61.4	2	-	13
High school graduates, no college	939	746	79.4	722	76.9	23	3.1	193
Some college or associate degree	1,586	1,228	77.4	1,183	74.6	45	3.7	359
Bachelor's degree and higher	1,502	1,276	84.9	1,238	82.4	38	3.0	226
Gulf War era I
Total, 25 years and over	3,070	2,339	76.2	2,279	74.2	60	2.6	731
Less than a high school diploma	36	20	55.5	20	54.1	0	-	16
High school graduates, no college	686	508	74.1	494	72.0	14	2.8	178
Some college or associate degree	1,181	897	76.0	872	73.9	25	2.8	283
Bachelor's degree and higher	1,168	914	78.3	894	76.5	20	2.2	254
WWII, Korean War, and Vietnam era
Total, 25 years and over	7,213	1,479	20.5	1,437	19.9	42	2.8	5,735
Less than a high school diploma	434	65	14.9	63	14.5	2	3.0	369
High school graduates, no college	2,166	369	17.0	359	16.6	10	2.6	1,797
Some college or associate degree	2,300	476	20.7	459	20.0	16	3.4	1,825
Bachelor's degree and higher	2,313	569	24.6	555	24.0	14	2.4	1,744
Other service periods
Total, 25 years and over	4,210	1,983	47.1	1,925	45.7	59	3.0	2,227
Less than a high school diploma	229	65	28.5	64	28.0	1	1.6	164
High school graduates, no college	1,456	642	44.1	624	42.9	18	2.8	814
Some college or associate degree	1,378	679	49.3	658	47.7	22	3.2	699
Bachelor's degree and higher	1,146	597	52.1	579	50.5	18	3.1	549
NONVETERANS
Total, 25 years and over	202,866	133,370	65.7	129,409	63.8	3,961	3.0	69,496
Less than a high school diploma	20,809	9,729	46.8	9,204	44.2	525	5.4	11,079
High school graduates, no college	57,116	33,841	59.2	32,586	57.1	1,256	3.7	23,275
Some college or associate degree	51,207	34,257	66.9	33,223	64.9	1,034	3.0	16,950
Bachelor's degree and higher	73,733	55,542	75.3	54,396	73.8	1,146	2.1	18,192
NOTE: Veterans are men and women who served on active duty in the U.S. Armed Forces and were not on active duty at the time of the survey. Nonveterans never served on active duty in the U.S. Armed Forces. Veterans could have served anywhere in the world during these periods of service: Gulf War era II (September 2001-present), Gulf War era I (August 1990-August 2001), Vietnam era (August 1964-April 1975), Korean War (July 1950-January 1955), World War II (December 1941-December 1946), and other service periods (all other time periods). Veterans are counted in only one period of service, their most recent wartime period. Veterans who served in more than one wartime period are classified in the most recent one. Veterans who served in both a wartime period and any other service period are classified in the wartime period. Dash indicates no data or data that do not meet publication criteria (values not shown where base is less than 35,000).

Table 4. Employed persons 18 years and over by occupation, sex, veteran status, and period of service, 2019 annual averages [Percent distribution]

Occupation and sex	Veterans						Non- veterans
	Total	Gulf War era			WW II, Korean War, and Vietnam era	Other service periods
		Total	Gulf War era II	Gulf War era I
TOTAL
Total employed (in thousands)	8,986	5,624	3,345	2,279	1,437	1,925	146,763
Occupation as a percent of total employed
Total employed	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Management, professional, and related occupations	40.4	40.5	38.1	43.9	43.7	37.7	41.2
Management, business, and financial operations occupations	19.5	18.4	17.5	19.7	25.3	18.4	17.2
Professional and related occupations	20.9	22.1	20.6	24.3	18.5	19.2	24.0
Service occupations	13.9	14.7	16.5	12.1	12.0	12.8	16.9
Sales and office occupations	15.6	15.6	16.0	15.0	16.4	15.2	21.4
Sales and related occupations	7.8	7.1	6.9	7.5	10.5	7.9	9.8
Office and administrative support occupations	7.8	8.4	9.1	7.5	5.9	7.3	11.5
Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations	13.1	13.3	13.4	13.2	11.0	13.8	8.9
Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations	0.5	0.5	0.5	0.4	0.7	0.5	0.7
Construction and extraction occupations	5.9	5.5	5.4	5.6	6.0	7.3	5.3
Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations	6.6	7.4	7.5	7.1	4.3	6.0	2.9
Production, transportation, and material moving occupations	17.1	15.9	16.0	15.9	16.9	20.5	11.6
Production occupations	6.7	6.9	6.9	6.8	4.1	8.3	5.4
Transportation and material moving occupations	10.3	9.0	9.0	9.1	12.8	12.2	6.2
MEN
Total employed (in thousands)	7,926	4,815	2,874	1,941	1,386	1,726	74,655
Occupation as a percent of total employed
Total employed	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Management, professional, and related occupations	38.9	38.5	36.1	42.1	43.3	36.5	37.3
Management, business, and financial operations occupations	19.6	18.3	17.5	19.5	25.4	18.4	18.1
Professional and related occupations	19.3	20.2	18.6	22.6	17.9	18.1	19.2
Service occupations	13.7	14.6	16.6	11.7	11.6	12.7	13.3
Sales and office occupations	14.3	14.1	14.6	13.3	16.5	13.3	15.8
Sales and related occupations	7.8	7.1	6.9	7.3	10.8	7.5	9.6
Office and administrative support occupations	6.5	7.0	7.7	6.1	5.6	5.9	6.1
Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations	14.6	15.2	15.3	15.2	11.4	15.3	16.5
Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations	0.5	0.5	0.5	0.5	0.7	0.5	1.1
Construction and extraction occupations	6.7	6.3	6.2	6.5	6.2	8.0	10.0
Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations	7.4	8.4	8.6	8.2	4.5	6.7	5.5
Production, transportation, and material moving occupations	18.5	17.6	17.4	17.8	17.2	22.1	17.1
Production occupations	7.3	7.6	7.7	7.5	4.1	8.8	7.4
Transportation and material moving occupations	11.2	9.9	9.7	10.3	13.0	13.3	9.7
WOMEN
Total employed (in thousands)	1,060	810	471	338	51	199	72,107
Occupation as a percent of total employed
Total employed	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Management, professional, and related occupations	51.2	52.0	50.1	54.7	54.3	47.5	45.3
Management, business, and financial operations occupations	18.9	18.9	17.5	20.9	21.4	18.4	16.2
Professional and related occupations	32.3	33.1	32.6	33.8	33.0	29.0	29.1
Service occupations	15.4	15.6	16.4	14.4	20.9	13.4	20.7
Sales and office occupations	25.3	24.4	24.4	24.3	14.7	31.5	27.2
Sales and related occupations	8.1	7.6	6.9	8.7	1.9	11.4	10.1
Office and administrative support occupations	17.2	16.8	17.6	15.7	12.7	20.1	17.1
Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations	1.7	1.9	2.0	1.8	1.1	1.3	1.0
Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.0	0.7	0.2	0.4
Construction and extraction occupations	0.7	0.6	0.5	0.7	0.5	1.2	0.4
Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations	0.9	1.2	1.3	1.0	0.0	0.0	0.3
Production, transportation, and material moving occupations	6.3	6.2	7.1	4.8	8.9	6.3	5.8
Production occupations	2.7	2.4	2.3	2.7	2.7	3.7	3.3
Transportation and material moving occupations	3.7	3.7	4.9	2.2	6.2	2.7	2.5
NOTE: Veterans are men and women who served on active duty in the U.S. Armed Forces and were not on active duty at the time of the survey. Nonveterans never served on active duty in the U.S. Armed Forces. Veterans could have served anywhere in the world during these periods of service: Gulf War era II (September 2001-present), Gulf War era I (August 1990-August 2001), Vietnam era (August 1964-April 1975), Korean War (July 1950-January 1955), World War II (December 1941-December 1946), and other service periods (all other time periods). Veterans are counted in only one period of service, their most recent wartime period. Veterans who served in more than one wartime period are classified in the most recent one. Veterans who served in both a wartime period and any other service period are classified in the wartime period.

Table 5. Employed persons 18 years and over by industry, class of worker, sex, veteran status, and period of service, 2019 annual averages [Percent distribution]

Industry, class of worker, and sex	Veterans						Non- veterans
	Total	Gulf War era			WW II, Korean War, and Vietnam era	Other service periods
		Total	Gulf War era II	Gulf War era I
TOTAL
Total employed (in thousands)(1)	8,986	5,624	3,345	2,279	1,437	1,925	146,763
As a percent of total employed
Total employed(1)	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Agriculture and related industries	1.8	0.9	0.9	0.8	5.3	1.6	1.5
Wage and salary workers(2)	0.9	0.7	0.8	0.5	1.9	0.8	1.0
Self-employed workers, unincorporated	0.9	0.2	0.1	0.3	3.4	0.9	0.4
Nonagricultural industries	98.2	99.1	99.1	99.2	94.7	98.4	98.5
Wage and salary workers(2)	92.6	95.8	96.0	95.4	82.7	90.8	92.9
Private industries	71.1	70.9	70.6	71.3	69.9	72.8	79.8
Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	0.7	0.8	0.6	0.9	0.5	0.6	0.5
Construction	6.6	6.3	6.5	6.1	6.4	7.4	5.9
Manufacturing	12.0	12.3	12.3	12.3	8.9	13.5	9.7
Wholesale trade	2.4	2.5	2.3	2.7	2.3	2.1	2.2
Retail trade	7.9	7.2	6.9	7.5	10.4	8.2	9.8
Transportation and utilities	7.5	7.4	7.4	7.3	6.7	8.5	4.4
Information	1.6	1.8	1.5	2.3	1.6	1.0	1.6
Financial activities	4.9	4.6	4.3	5.0	6.2	5.0	6.4
Professional and business services	11.8	12.5	12.7	12.2	11.6	9.9	10.9
Education and health services	8.5	8.7	8.4	9.0	6.6	9.3	15.9
Leisure and hospitality	4.1	4.1	4.9	3.1	4.6	3.8	8.3
Other services	3.1	2.8	2.8	2.8	4.0	3.4	4.2
Government	21.5	24.9	25.4	24.1	12.9	18.1	13.0
Federal	10.8	13.7	14.8	12.1	3.4	7.6	2.0
State	4.4	4.7	4.5	5.1	3.4	4.1	4.4
Local	6.3	6.4	6.1	6.9	6.1	6.3	6.6
Self-employed workers, unincorporated	5.6	3.3	3.0	3.8	11.8	7.5	5.6
MEN
Total employed (in thousands)(1)	7,926	4,815	2,874	1,941	1,386	1,726	74,655
As a percent of total employed
Total employed(1)	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Agriculture and related industries	1.9	0.9	1.0	0.8	5.5	1.8	2.1
Wage and salary workers(2)	1.0	0.7	0.9	0.6	2.0	0.8	1.5
Self-employed workers, unincorporated	0.9	0.2	0.2	0.3	3.5	1.0	0.6
Nonagricultural industries	98.1	99.1	99.0	99.2	94.5	98.2	97.9
Wage and salary workers(2)	92.3	95.6	95.9	95.3	82.5	90.8	91.5
Private industries	72.0	71.9	71.4	72.6	70.1	73.7	81.6
Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	0.8	0.9	0.7	1.1	0.5	0.6	0.7
Construction	7.2	7.1	7.2	6.8	6.6	8.1	10.2
Manufacturing	12.9	13.5	13.4	13.5	9.0	14.4	13.1
Wholesale trade	2.5	2.7	2.5	3.1	2.4	2.2	3.0
Retail trade	7.9	7.0	6.9	7.3	10.5	8.2	9.8
Transportation and utilities	8.2	8.2	8.2	8.3	6.9	9.3	6.4
Information	1.7	1.9	1.6	2.4	1.6	1.0	1.8
Financial activities	4.6	4.1	4.1	4.2	6.2	4.8	5.7
Professional and business services	12.1	12.9	13.2	12.6	11.7	10.1	12.2
Education and health services	6.8	6.7	6.1	7.6	6.1	7.8	7.0
Leisure and hospitality	4.1	4.0	4.7	3.0	4.6	3.8	7.8
Other services	3.2	2.8	2.8	2.7	4.1	3.4	3.7
Government	20.3	23.8	24.5	22.7	12.3	17.1	9.9
Federal	10.1	13.2	14.3	11.7	3.3	7.0	1.8
State	4.1	4.4	4.4	4.3	3.2	4.0	3.2
Local	6.1	6.1	5.8	6.6	5.8	6.1	4.8
Self-employed workers, unincorporated	5.8	3.4	3.1	3.9	11.9	7.5	6.4
WOMEN
Total employed (in thousands)(1)	1,060	810	471	338	51	199	72,107
As a percent of total employed
Total employed(1)	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Agriculture and related industries	0.5	0.5	0.5	0.6	0.7	0.5	0.9
Wage and salary workers(2)	0.3	0.4	0.5	0.2	0.0	0.3	0.6
Self-employed workers, unincorporated	0.2	0.2	0.0	0.4	0.7	0.2	0.3
Nonagricultural industries	99.5	99.5	99.5	99.4	99.3	99.5	99.1
Wage and salary workers(2)	95.3	96.6	97.0	96.0	89.4	91.6	94.3
Private industries	64.9	65.1	66.1	63.8	62.4	64.8	78.0
Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	0.1	0.1	0.2	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.2
Construction	1.8	2.0	2.0	2.0	0.0	1.7	1.4
Manufacturing	5.6	5.3	5.3	5.4	7.1	6.3	6.1
Wholesale trade	1.0	1.2	1.4	0.8	0.0	0.7	1.3
Retail trade	8.0	8.1	7.4	9.1	7.0	7.7	9.9
Transportation and utilities	2.1	2.2	2.6	1.5	1.8	2.1	2.3
Information	1.3	1.4	1.2	1.6	2.4	0.7	1.3
Financial activities	7.0	7.1	5.2	9.7	4.0	7.2	7.1
Professional and business services	9.5	9.8	9.9	9.6	9.0	8.3	9.6
Education and health services	21.1	20.6	22.9	17.3	22.6	22.9	25.1
Leisure and hospitality	4.7	4.8	5.7	3.5	5.6	4.3	8.9
Other services	2.7	2.7	2.3	3.2	3.0	2.9	4.7
Government	30.4	31.4	30.9	32.2	27.0	26.8	16.3
Federal	15.4	16.7	18.2	14.6	6.1	12.6	2.1
State	6.6	6.8	4.8	9.5	7.2	5.6	5.7
Local	8.3	7.9	7.9	8.0	13.7	8.6	8.4
Self-employed workers, unincorporated	4.2	2.9	2.5	3.4	10.0	7.9	4.8
Footnotes (1) Total includes a small number of unpaid family workers, not shown separately. (2) Includes self-employed workers whose business are incorporated.
NOTE: Veterans are men and women who served on active duty in the U.S. Armed Forces and were not on active duty at the time of the survey. Nonveterans never served on active duty in the U.S. Armed Forces. Veterans could have served anywhere in the world during these periods of service: Gulf War era II (September 2001-present), Gulf War era I (August 1990-August 2001), Vietnam era (August 1964-April 1975), Korean War (July 1950-January 1955), World War II (December 1941-December 1946), and other service periods (all other time periods). Veterans are counted in only one period of service, their most recent wartime period. Veterans who served in more than one wartime period are classified in the most recent one. Veterans who served in both a wartime period and any other service period are classified in the wartime period.

Table 6A. Employment status of veterans 18 years and over by state, 2019 annual averages [Numbers in thousands]

State	Civilian noninsti- tutional population	Civilian labor force						Not in labor force
		Total	Percent of population	Employed		Unemployed
				Total	Percent of population	Total	Percent of labor force
TOTAL VETERANS
Total, 18 years and over	18,822	9,270	49.2	8,986	47.7	284	3.1	9,552
Alabama	324	171	52.8	168	51.8	3	1.9	153
Alaska	61	35	57.1	34	55.0	1	3.6	26
Arizona	476	242	50.9	230	48.4	12	4.9	234
Arkansas	207	93	44.7	91	43.8	2	2.0	114
California	1,588	726	45.7	699	44.0	27	3.7	862
Colorado	334	169	50.7	164	49.2	5	3.0	164
Connecticut	169	81	48.2	79	46.6	3	3.3	87
Delaware	76	37	48.4	36	47.0	1	2.9	39
District of Columbia	26	11	44.9	11	42.8	1	4.7	14
Florida	1,367	616	45.0	598	43.8	17	2.8	752
Georgia	693	375	54.1	365	52.7	10	2.5	318
Hawaii	103	46	44.6	44	42.6	2	4.6	57
Idaho	119	54	45.7	53	44.9	1	1.7	65
Illinois	590	272	46.1	265	44.8	8	2.9	318
Indiana	408	209	51.3	206	50.4	4	1.8	199
Iowa	204	106	52.1	102	50.0	4	3.9	98
Kansas	167	85	51.1	84	50.5	1	1.2	82
Kentucky	268	112	41.9	108	40.2	5	4.0	156
Louisiana	266	118	44.5	115	43.1	4	3.2	148
Maine	110	51	46.2	49	44.8	2	3.2	59
Maryland	406	251	61.9	249	61.3	2	0.9	155
Massachusetts	293	135	46.1	128	43.8	7	5.1	158
Michigan	557	249	44.6	244	43.8	4	1.8	309
Minnesota	295	139	47.3	132	44.9	7	4.9	155
Mississippi	178	86	48.1	82	45.8	4	4.8	92
Missouri	396	170	43.1	167	42.3	3	1.8	225
Montana	93	45	48.2	42	45.3	3	6.1	48
Nebraska	126	69	54.7	67	53.4	2	2.2	57
Nevada	235	121	51.4	118	50.3	2	2.0	114
New Hampshire	88	46	51.7	45	50.9	1	1.5	43
New Jersey	311	125	40.1	122	39.2	3	2.3	186
New Mexico	165	79	48.3	77	46.8	2	3.0	85
New York	755	332	44.0	318	42.2	13	4.0	423
North Carolina	686	361	52.6	344	50.2	16	4.6	326
North Dakota	48	25	52.8	25	52.1	0	1.2	23
Ohio	735	362	49.2	351	47.7	11	3.0	374
Oklahoma	285	134	47.0	130	45.8	4	2.6	151
Oregon	294	129	43.9	126	43.0	3	2.2	165
Pennsylvania	813	358	44.0	339	41.7	18	5.1	456
Rhode Island	55	24	43.3	23	42.1	1	2.8	31
South Carolina	394	201	50.9	197	50.0	4	1.8	193
South Dakota	61	35	57.0	34	55.4	1	2.9	26
Tennessee	457	231	50.5	225	49.2	6	2.6	226
Texas	1,579	882	55.8	853	54.0	28	3.2	697
Utah	133	65	48.6	64	48.0	1	1.2	68
Vermont	39	18	45.4	17	44.2	0	2.6	21
Virginia	718	447	62.2	439	61.1	8	1.7	272
Washington	515	275	53.4	263	51.1	12	4.3	240
West Virginia	129	57	44.3	55	42.9	2	3.2	72
Wisconsin	380	186	49.0	182	48.0	4	2.0	194
Wyoming	47	26	53.9	25	51.8	1	4.0	22
NOTE: Veterans are men and women who served on active duty in the U.S. Armed Forces and were not on active duty at the time of the survey.

Table 6B. Employment status of nonveterans 18 years and over by state, 2019 annual averages [Numbers in thousands]

State	Civilian noninsti- tutional population	Civilian labor force						Not in labor force
		Total	Percent of population	Employed		Unemployed
				Total	Percent of population	Total	Percent of labor force
TOTAL NONVETERANS
Total, 18 years and over	231,555	152,188	65.7	146,763	63.4	5,425	3.6	79,367
Alabama	3,421	2,074	60.6	2,013	58.9	61	2.9	1,347
Alaska	470	309	65.7	290	61.6	19	6.2	161
Arizona	5,038	3,250	64.5	3,101	61.6	148	4.6	1,789
Arkansas	2,065	1,267	61.4	1,222	59.2	45	3.6	797
California	28,575	18,516	64.8	17,778	62.2	738	4.0	10,059
Colorado	4,080	2,939	72.0	2,866	70.3	72	2.5	1,141
Connecticut	2,620	1,802	68.8	1,740	66.4	62	3.4	818
Delaware	684	447	65.4	429	62.8	18	4.0	237
District of Columbia	541	398	73.7	376	69.5	22	5.6	142
Florida	15,625	9,652	61.8	9,357	59.9	295	3.1	5,974
Georgia	7,226	4,668	64.6	4,509	62.4	159	3.4	2,558
Hawaii	952	608	63.9	592	62.2	16	2.6	344
Idaho	1,201	813	67.7	789	65.7	23	2.9	388
Illinois	9,043	6,073	67.2	5,844	64.6	229	3.8	2,970
Indiana	4,648	3,115	67.0	3,012	64.8	103	3.3	1,533
Iowa	2,191	1,616	73.8	1,574	71.8	42	2.6	575
Kansas	1,972	1,367	69.3	1,324	67.1	43	3.1	606
Kentucky	3,124	1,927	61.7	1,846	59.1	81	4.2	1,196
Louisiana	3,168	1,957	61.8	1,867	58.9	90	4.6	1,211
Maine	967	624	64.5	606	62.7	18	2.8	343
Maryland	4,238	3,031	71.5	2,920	68.9	111	3.7	1,207
Massachusetts	5,185	3,644	70.3	3,545	68.4	99	2.7	1,541
Michigan	7,165	4,618	64.5	4,437	61.9	181	3.9	2,547
Minnesota	3,964	2,886	72.8	2,798	70.6	88	3.0	1,078
Mississippi	2,028	1,178	58.1	1,116	55.0	62	5.3	849
Missouri	4,268	2,864	67.1	2,775	65.0	89	3.1	1,405
Montana	734	484	66.0	469	63.9	15	3.2	250
Nebraska	1,296	952	73.4	923	71.2	29	3.0	344
Nevada	2,126	1,432	67.4	1,375	64.7	57	4.0	694
New Hampshire	999	716	71.7	699	70.0	17	2.4	283
New Jersey	6,531	4,350	66.6	4,198	64.3	152	3.5	2,181
New Mexico	1,431	870	60.8	827	57.8	43	4.9	560
New York	14,416	9,049	62.8	8,698	60.3	351	3.9	5,367
North Carolina	7,300	4,685	64.2	4,508	61.8	177	3.8	2,615
North Dakota	517	374	72.4	365	70.6	9	2.4	143
Ohio	8,214	5,400	65.7	5,194	63.2	206	3.8	2,814
Oklahoma	2,613	1,677	64.2	1,620	62.0	57	3.4	937
Oregon	3,012	1,948	64.7	1,875	62.2	73	3.7	1,064
Pennsylvania	9,150	6,041	66.0	5,799	63.4	243	4.0	3,109
Rhode Island	775	521	67.2	503	65.0	18	3.4	254
South Carolina	3,538	2,179	61.6	2,115	59.8	64	2.9	1,359
South Dakota	594	427	71.9	413	69.6	14	3.2	167
Tennessee	4,776	3,097	64.9	2,996	62.7	102	3.3	1,679
Texas	19,618	13,074	66.6	12,631	64.4	444	3.4	6,544
Utah	2,114	1,502	71.0	1,465	69.3	36	2.4	612
Vermont	464	320	68.8	312	67.3	7	2.2	145
Virginia	5,802	3,975	68.5	3,865	66.6	110	2.8	1,826
Washington	5,331	3,653	68.5	3,503	65.7	151	4.1	1,678
West Virginia	1,274	736	57.8	701	55.0	35	4.8	538
Wisconsin	4,084	2,821	69.1	2,727	66.8	94	3.3	1,263
Wyoming	387	261	67.6	253	65.4	9	3.4	125
NOTE: Nonveterans never served on active duty in the U.S. Armed Forces.

Table 7. Employment status of veterans 18 years and over by presence of service-connected disability, reported disability rating, period of service, and sex, August 2019, not seasonally adjusted

[Numbers in thousands]

Presence of disability, reported disability rating, period of service, and sex	Civilian noninsti- tutional population	Civilian labor force						Not in labor force
		Total	Percent of population	Employed		Unemployed
				Total	Percent of population	Total	Percent of labor force
TOTAL VETERANS
Total	18,776	9,017	48.0	8,664	46.1	353	3.9	9,759
With service-connected disability	4,742	2,252	47.5	2,144	45.2	109	4.8	2,489
Less than 30 percent disability rating	1,241	667	53.8	647	52.2	20	3.0	573
30 to 50 percent disability rating	1,029	590	57.3	580	56.3	11	1.8	439
60 percent or higher disability rating	2,092	853	40.8	780	37.3	73	8.6	1,239
Disability rating not reported	380	142	37.4	137	36.2	5	3.3	238
Without service-connected disability	13,530	6,503	48.1	6,260	46.3	243	3.7	7,027
Presence of disability not reported	505	262	51.9	261	51.7	1	0.3	243
Gulf War era, total
Total	7,419	5,832	78.6	5,596	75.4	236	4.1	1,587
With service-connected disability	2,559	1,782	69.6	1,698	66.4	84	4.7	777
Less than 30 percent disability rating	524	432	82.4	420	80.0	12	2.8	93
30 to 50 percent disability rating	634	496	78.3	491	77.4	6	1.2	137
60 percent or higher disability rating	1,243	741	59.6	678	54.6	63	8.5	502
Disability rating not reported	159	113	71.3	110	69.4	3	2.6	46
Without service-connected disability	4,614	3,841	83.2	3,688	79.9	153	4.0	773
Presence of disability not reported	246	210	85.2	210	85.2	0	0.0	36
Gulf War era II
Total	4,411	3,520	79.8	3,356	76.1	164	4.7	891
With service-connected disability	1,792	1,302	72.7	1,230	68.7	72	5.5	490
Less than 30 percent disability rating	304	280	92.2	273	90.1	6	2.3	24
30 to 50 percent disability rating	407	344	84.7	339	83.3	6	1.7	62
60 percent or higher disability rating	986	604	61.2	547	55.5	57	9.4	382
Disability rating not reported	95	73	77.1	71	73.9	3	-	22
Without service-connected disability	2,464	2,090	84.8	1,998	81.1	92	4.4	373
Presence of disability not reported	155	128	82.0	128	82.0	0	0.0	28
Gulf War era I
Total	3,008	2,313	76.9	2,240	74.5	72	3.1	695
With service-connected disability	768	480	62.6	468	61.0	12	2.5	287
Less than 30 percent disability rating	221	152	68.8	146	66.2	6	3.7	69
30 to 50 percent disability rating	227	152	66.9	152	66.9	-	-	75
60 percent or higher disability rating	257	137	53.4	131	50.9	6	4.7	120
Disability rating not reported	63	40	-	40	-	-	-	24
Without service-connected disability	2,150	1,750	81.4	1,690	78.6	60	3.4	400
Presence of disability not reported	91	82	90.7	82	90.7	0	0.0	8
WW II, Korean War, and Vietnam era
Total	7,162	1,269	17.7	1,225	17.1	44	3.5	5,893
With service-connected disability	1,541	226	14.6	213	13.8	13	5.6	1,315
Less than 30 percent disability rating	451	87	19.2	85	18.8	2	2.2	365
30 to 50 percent disability rating	273	43	15.7	43	15.7	-	-	230
60 percent or higher disability rating	660	71	10.8	62	9.4	9	-	589
Disability rating not reported	157	25	15.8	23	14.7	2	-	132
Without service-connected disability	5,458	1,037	19.0	1,006	18.4	31	3.0	4,420
Presence of disability not reported	164	7	4.0	7	4.0	0	-	157
Other service periods
Total	4,195	1,916	45.7	1,843	43.9	72	3.8	2,279
With service-connected disability	641	245	38.2	232	36.2	12	5.1	396
Less than 30 percent disability rating	265	149	56.2	143	53.8	6	4.2	116
30 to 50 percent disability rating	122	51	41.6	46	37.6	5	-	71
60 percent or higher disability rating	189	41	21.5	39	20.8	1	-	149
Disability rating not reported	64	4	-	4	-	-	-	60
Without service-connected disability	3,459	1,625	47.0	1,566	45.3	59	3.6	1,833
Presence of disability not reported	95	45	47.8	45	47.1	1	-	50
MEN VETERANS
Total	16,890	7,969	47.2	7,660	45.4	309	3.9	8,921
With service-connected disability	4,181	1,996	47.7	1,894	45.3	102	5.1	2,185
Less than 30 percent disability rating	1,151	609	52.9	589	51.2	20	3.3	542
30 to 50 percent disability rating	894	505	56.5	495	55.4	10	2.0	389
60 percent or higher disability rating	1,791	741	41.4	674	37.6	67	9.0	1,050
Disability rating not reported	345	141	40.9	136	39.5	5	3.3	204
Without service-connected disability	12,250	5,742	46.9	5,535	45.2	207	3.6	6,508
Presence of disability not reported	459	231	50.3	230	50.2	1	0.3	228
Gulf War era, total
Total	6,186	5,046	81.6	4,841	78.3	205	4.1	1,140
With service-connected disability	2,103	1,549	73.6	1,471	69.9	78	5.0	555
Less than 30 percent disability rating	452	384	85.0	372	82.4	12	3.2	68
30 to 50 percent disability rating	516	418	81.0	412	79.9	6	1.4	98
60 percent or higher disability rating	995	633	63.7	576	57.9	57	9.0	361
Disability rating not reported	140	113	80.5	110	78.4	3	2.6	27
Without service-connected disability	3,876	3,318	85.6	3,191	82.3	127	3.8	558
Presence of disability not reported	206	179	86.7	179	86.7	0	0.0	27
Gulf War era II
Total	3,637	3,040	83.6	2,897	79.7	143	4.7	596
With service-connected disability	1,475	1,146	77.7	1,080	73.2	66	5.7	329
Less than 30 percent disability rating	254	243	95.8	237	93.3	6	2.7	11
30 to 50 percent disability rating	359	316	88.0	310	86.4	6	1.8	43
60 percent or higher disability rating	779	513	65.9	463	59.4	51	9.9	266
Disability rating not reported	83	73	88.0	71	84.5	3	-	10
Without service-connected disability	2,037	1,789	87.8	1,712	84.0	77	4.3	248
Presence of disability not reported	124	105	84.7	105	84.7	0	0.0	19
Gulf War era I
Total	2,549	2,005	78.7	1,943	76.2	62	3.1	544
With service-connected disability	628	403	64.1	391	62.2	12	3.0	225
Less than 30 percent disability rating	198	141	71.2	136	68.4	6	4.0	57
30 to 50 percent disability rating	157	102	64.9	102	64.9	-	-	55
60 percent or higher disability rating	216	120	55.7	114	52.7	6	5.4	96
Disability rating not reported	57	40	-	40	-	-	-	17
Without service-connected disability	1,839	1,529	83.1	1,479	80.4	50	3.3	310
Presence of disability not reported	82	73	89.8	73	89.8	0	-	8
WW II, Korean War, and Vietnam era
Total	6,915	1,223	17.7	1,187	17.2	36	2.9	5,692
With service-connected disability	1,491	221	14.8	209	14.0	12	5.5	1,270
Less than 30 percent disability rating	451	87	19.2	85	18.8	2	2.2	365
30 to 50 percent disability rating	263	43	16.3	43	16.3	-	-	220
60 percent or higher disability rating	631	67	10.6	58	9.2	9	-	564
Disability rating not reported	146	25	16.9	23	15.7	2	-	121
Without service-connected disability	5,261	996	18.9	972	18.5	24	2.4	4,266
Presence of disability not reported	163	7	4.1	7	4.1	0	-	156
Other service periods
Total	3,789	1,700	44.9	1,632	43.1	69	4.0	2,089
With service-connected disability	586	226	38.6	215	36.6	12	5.2	360
Less than 30 percent disability rating	247	138	55.8	132	53.2	6	4.5	109
30 to 50 percent disability rating	114	44	38.7	40	35.0	4	-	70
60 percent or higher disability rating	165	41	24.6	39	23.8	1	-	125
Disability rating not reported	59	3	-	3	-	-	-	55
Without service-connected disability	3,113	1,429	45.9	1,373	44.1	56	3.9	1,684
Presence of disability not reported	90	45	50.4	45	49.6	1	-	45
WOMEN VETERANS
Total	1,886	1,048	55.6	1,005	53.3	43	4.1	838
With service-connected disability	561	256	45.7	249	44.5	7	2.7	305
Less than 30 percent disability rating	90	58	64.9	58	64.9	-	-	32
30 to 50 percent disability rating	135	85	62.8	84	62.3	1	0.7	50
60 percent or higher disability rating	301	112	37.2	106	35.1	6	5.7	189
Disability rating not reported	35	1	-	1	-	-	-	34
Without service-connected disability	1,280	761	59.4	725	56.6	36	4.8	519
Presence of disability not reported	45	31	-	31	-	-	-	15
Gulf War era, total
Total	1,233	787	63.8	755	61.2	32	4.0	446
With service-connected disability	456	233	51.2	227	49.8	6	2.6	223
Without service-connected disability	737	523	70.9	497	67.4	26	4.9	215
Presence of disability not reported	40	31	-	31	-	-	-	9
Gulf War era II
Total	774	479	61.9	458	59.2	21	4.4	295
With service-connected disability	317	156	49.3	150	47.4	6	3.8	161
Without service-connected disability	426	301	70.6	286	67.1	15	5.0	125
Presence of disability not reported	31	22	-	22	-	-	-	9
Gulf War era I
Total	459	307	67.0	297	64.7	10	3.4	152
With service-connected disability	139	77	55.5	77	55.5	-	-	62
Without service-connected disability	311	221	71.2	211	67.9	10	4.7	90
Presence of disability not reported	9	9	-	9	-	-	-	0
WW II, Korean War, and Vietnam era
Total	247	46	18.6	38	15.4	8	-	201
With service-connected disability	50	4	-	4	-	0	-	45
Without service-connected disability	196	42	21.2	34	17.2	8	-	155
Presence of disability not reported	1	0	-	0	-	-	-	1
Other service periods
Total	406	215	53.0	211	52.1	4	1.7	191
With service-connected disability	55	19	-	18	-	1	-	37
Without service-connected disability	346	197	56.8	194	55.9	3	1.6	149
Presence of disability not reported	5	0	-	0	-	-	-	5
NOTE: Veterans are men and women who served on active duty in the U.S. Armed Forces and were not on active duty at the time of the survey. Veterans could have served anywhere in the world during these periods of service: Gulf War era II (September 2001-present), Gulf War era I (August 1990-August 2001), Vietnam era (August 1964-April 1975), Korean War (July 1950-January 1955), World War II (December 1941-December 1946), and other service periods (all other time periods). Veterans are counted in only one period of service, their most recent wartime period. Veterans who served in more than one wartime period are classified in the most recent one. Veterans who served in both a wartime period and any other service period are classified in the wartime period. A service-connected disability is a health condition or impairment caused or made worse by military service. The associated disability rating, which can range from 0 to 100 percent, is determined from a rating schedule published in the U.S. Code of Federal Regulations, "Title 38." More information appears in the Technical Note of this release. Beginning with data for August 2015, estimates from the veterans supplement reflect a change in the weighting methodology. Dash indicates no data or data that do not meet publication criteria (values not shown where base is less than 75,000).

Table 8. Employed persons 18 years and over by veteran status, presence of service-connected disability, period of service, and class of worker, August 2019, not seasonally adjusted

Veteran status, presence of disability, and period of service	Total Employed (thousands)	Percent distribution by class of worker
		Total	Agriculture and related industries	Nonagricultural industries
				Total	Wage and salary workers(1)				Self- employed, unincorpo- rated, and unpaid family workers
					Private sector	Government
						Total	Federal	State and local
Veterans, total(2)	8,664	100.0	1.6	98.4	71.1	21.1	11.2	9.8	6.3
With service-connected disability	2,144	100.0	1.2	98.8	63.5	30.8	20.4	10.4	4.5
Without service-connected disability	6,260	100.0	1.7	98.3	74.1	17.2	7.7	9.5	7.0
Gulf War era, total(2)	5,596	100.0	0.9	99.1	70.6	24.3	15.0	9.4	4.2
With service-connected disability	1,698	100.0	1.1	98.9	62.8	32.8	22.8	9.9	3.4
Without service-connected disability	3,688	100.0	0.8	99.2	74.9	19.8	10.8	9.0	4.6
Gulf War era II(2)	3,356	100.0	0.8	99.2	71.9	23.3	14.2	9.1	4.0
With service-connected disability	1,230	100.0	1.1	98.9	65.7	29.4	21.5	7.9	3.7
Without service-connected disability	1,998	100.0	0.6	99.4	77.0	18.4	8.6	9.8	4.0
Gulf War era I(2)	2,240	100.0	1.0	99.0	68.7	25.8	16.1	9.7	4.4
With service-connected disability	468	100.0	1.0	99.0	55.0	41.7	26.4	15.3	2.4
Without service-connected disability	1,690	100.0	0.9	99.1	72.5	21.4	13.4	8.0	5.2
WW II, Korean War, and Vietnam era(2)	1,225	100.0	4.3	95.7	70.8	12.0	2.0	10.0	12.9
With service-connected disability	213	100.0	1.8	98.2	74.1	12.9	2.7	10.2	11.3
Without service-connected disability	1,006	100.0	4.8	95.2	69.9	11.9	1.9	10.0	13.3
Other service periods(2)	1,843	100.0	1.9	98.1	72.7	17.2	6.0	11.2	8.2
With service-connected disability	232	100.0	1.3	98.7	59.4	32.7	18.6	14.1	6.7
Without service-connected disability	1,566	100.0	2.0	98.0	74.8	14.5	4.0	10.5	8.7
Nonveterans	146,901	100.0	1.5	98.5	80.1	12.7	2.0	10.7	5.6
(1) Includes self-employed workers whose businesses are incorporated. (2) Includes veterans who did not report presence of disability.
NOTE: Veterans are men and women who served on active duty in the U.S. Armed Forces and were not on active duty at the time of the survey. Nonveterans never served on active duty in the U.S. Armed Forces. Veterans could have served anywhere in the world during these periods of service: Gulf War era II (September 2001-present), Gulf War era I (August 1990-August 2001), Vietnam era (August 1964-April 1975), Korean War (July 1950-January 1955), World War II (December 1941-December 1946), and other service periods (all other time periods). Veterans are counted in only one period of service, their most recent wartime period. Veterans who served in more than one wartime period are classified in the most recent one. Veterans who served in both a wartime period and any other service period are classified in the wartime period. A service-connected disability is a health condition or impairment caused or made worse by military service. The associated disability rating, which can range from 0 to 100 percent, is determined from a rating schedule published in the U.S. Code of Federal Regulations, "Title 38." More information appears in the Technical Note of this release. Beginning with data for August 2015, estimates from the veterans supplement reflect a change in the weighting methodology. Dash indicates no data or data that do not meet publication criteria (values not shown where base is less than 75,000).

Table 9. Employment status of Gulf War-era veterans by Reserve or National Guard status, August 2019, not seasonally adjusted

[Numbers in thousands]

Period of service and Reserve or National Guard status	Civilian noninsti- tutional population	Civilian labor force						Not in labor force
		Total	Percent of population	Employed		Unemployed
				Total	Percent of population	Total	Percent of labor force
VETERANS
Gulf War era, total
Total	7,419	5,832	78.6	5,596	75.4	236	4.1	1,587
Current or past member of Reserve or National Guard	2,476	2,029	81.9	1,934	78.1	95	4.7	447
Never a member of Reserve or National Guard	4,731	3,623	76.6	3,481	73.6	141	3.9	1,108
Reserve or National Guard membership not reported	212	181	85.2	181	85.2	0	0.0	32
Gulf War era II
Total	4,411	3,520	79.8	3,356	76.1	164	4.7	891
Current or past member of Reserve or National Guard	1,451	1,232	84.9	1,162	80.0	71	5.7	219
Never a member of Reserve or National Guard	2,821	2,172	77.0	2,079	73.7	93	4.3	649
Reserve or National Guard membership not reported	138	115	83.3	115	83.3	0	0.0	23
Gulf War era I
Total	3,008	2,313	76.9	2,240	74.5	72	3.1	695
Current or past member of Reserve or National Guard	1,024	796	77.8	772	75.4	24	3.1	228
Never a member of Reserve or National Guard	1,910	1,451	76.0	1,403	73.4	48	3.3	459
Reserve or National Guard membership not reported	74	66	-	66	-	0	-	8
NOTE: Veterans are men and women who served on active duty in the U.S. Armed Forces and were not on active duty at the time of the survey. The Gulf War era began in August 1990 and continues to the present day. It is divided into two periods of service: Gulf War era II (September 2001-present) and Gulf War era I (August 1990-August 2001). Veterans are counted in only one period of service, their most recent period. Data do not include Reserve and National Guard members who have never been called to Active Duty. Beginning with data for August 2015, estimates from the veterans supplement reflect a change in the weighting methodology. Dash indicates no data or data that do not meet publication criteria (values not shown where base is less than 75,000).

Table 10. Employment status of Gulf War-era II veterans 18 years and over by location of service, August 2019, not seasonally adjusted

[Numbers in thousands]

Period of service and location	Civilian noninsti- tutional population	Civilian labor force						Not in labor force
		Total	Percent of population	Employed		Unemployed
				Total	Percent of population	Number	Rate
Total, Gulf War-era II veterans	4,411	3,520	79.8	3,356	76.1	164	4.7	891
Served in Iraq, Afghanistan, or both(1)	1,855	1,433	77.3	1,369	73.8	64	4.5	422
Served in Iraq(2)	1,434	1,117	77.9	1,062	74.1	54	4.9	317
Served in Afghanistan(3)	930	727	78.2	700	75.3	27	3.7	203
Served in both locations(4)	509	411	80.7	394	77.4	17	4.1	98
Served elsewhere	2,556	2,086	81.6	1,987	77.7	100	4.8	470
(1) Refers to veterans who served in Iraq at anytime since March 2003 and veterans who served in Afghanistan at anytime since October 2001. Also includes veterans who served in both countries. (2) Includes all veterans who served in Iraq at any time since March 2003, whether or not they also served in Afghanistan. (3) Includes all veterans who served in Afghanistan at any time since October 2001, whether or not they also served in Iraq. (4) Veterans who served in both Iraq and Afghanistan during the designated dates are also included in the totals of each location above.
NOTE: Veterans are men and women who served on active duty in the U.S. Armed Forces and were not on active duty at the time of the survey. Gulf War-era II veterans served anywhere in the world at any time since September 2001. Beginning with data for August 2015, estimates from the veterans supplement reflect a change in the weighting methodology. Dash indicates no data or data that do not meet publication criteria (values not shown where base is less than 75,000).