Employment Situation of Veterans News Release

For release 10:00 a.m. (ET) Wednesday, March 20, 2024              	           USDL-24-0544

Technical information:  (202) 691-6378  *  cpsinfo@bls.gov  *  www.bls.gov/cps  
Media contact:          (202) 691-5902  *  PressOffice@bls.gov


                        EMPLOYMENT SITUATION OF VETERANS -- 2023


The unemployment rate for veterans who served on active duty in the U.S. Armed Forces at any
time since September 2001--a group referred to as Gulf War-era II veterans--was little changed
at 3.3 percent in 2023 and the rate for all veterans was unchanged at 2.8 percent, the U.S.
Bureau of Labor Statistics reported today. In August 2023, 46 percent of Gulf War-era II
veterans had a service-connected disability, compared with 30 percent of all veterans. 

This information was obtained from the Current Population Survey (CPS), a monthly sample survey
of about 60,000 eligible households that provides data on employment, unemployment, and persons
not in the labor force in the United States. Data about veterans are collected monthly in the
CPS; these monthly data are the source of the 2023 annual averages presented in this news
release. In August 2023, a supplement to the CPS collected additional information about 
veterans on topics such as service-connected disability and veterans' current or past Reserve
or National Guard membership. The supplement was co-sponsored by the U.S. Department of 
Veterans Affairs and the U.S. Department of Labor's Veterans' Employment and Training Service.
For more information, see the Technical Note in this news release. 

Highlights from the 2023 data:

 --The unemployment rate for all veterans (2.8 percent) was lower than the rate for nonveterans
   (3.6 percent) in 2023. (See table A.)

 --The unemployment rate for male veterans (2.7 percent) was lower than for female veterans 
   (3.2 percent) in 2023. Both measures were little changed over the year. (See table A.)

 --Unemployment rates for White, Black, and Hispanic veterans were lower than for nonveterans
   in 2023, while the rate for Asian veterans was not statistically different than their
   nonveteran counterparts. (See table 1.)

 --Among the 241,000 unemployed veterans in 2023, 60 percent were ages 25 to 54, 34 percent
   were age 55 and over, and 6 percent were ages 18 to 24. (See table 2A.)

 --In August 2023, the unemployment rate of Gulf War-era II veterans with a service-connected
   disability rose by 3.0 percentage points over the year to 6.4 percent, and the rate for
   veterans without a service-connected disability increased by 2.1 percentage points to 4.0
   percent. (See table 7.)

 --Gulf War-era II veterans who reported a service-connected disability rating of less than
   30 percent in August 2023 were much more likely to be in the labor force than those with 
   a rating of 60 percent or higher (83.0 percent versus 67.9 percent). (See table 7.)

 --In August 2023, 31.4 percent of employed veterans with a service-connected disability 
   worked in the public sector, compared with 20.0 percent of veterans with no disability and
   12.5 percent of nonveterans. (See table 8.)

The Veteran Population

In 2023, 17.9 million men and women were veterans, accounting for about 7 percent of the
civilian noninstitutional population age 18 and over. Of all veterans, about 11 percent were
women. In the survey, veterans are defined as men and women who have previously served on
active duty in the U.S. Armed Forces and who were civilians at the time these data were 
collected. 

Veterans are much more likely to be men than are nonveterans, and they also tend to be older.
In part, this reflects the characteristics of veterans who served during World War II, the
Korean War, and the Vietnam era, all of whom are now over age 65. Veterans who served during
these wartime periods accounted for one-third (6.0 million) of the total veteran population
in 2023. Forty-five percent of veterans (8.0 million) served during Gulf War era I (August
1990 to August 2001) or Gulf War era II (September 2001 to present). Another 22 percent (3.9
million) served outside these designated wartime periods. (See tables 1 and 2A.)

The unemployment rates for veteran men (2.7 percent) and women (3.2 percent) changed little
in 2023. In comparison to nonveteran men and women, the unemployment rate for veteran men was
lower than their nonveteran counterparts, while the rate for veteran women was little
different from that of their nonveteran counterparts. Unemployment rates for White (2.7 
percent), Black (3.3 percent), Asian (2.5 percent), and Hispanic (2.9 percent) veterans were
also little changed over the year and were not statistically different from each other in
2023.

Gulf War-era II Veterans 

In 2023, there were 5.0 million veterans who had served during Gulf War era II (September 2001
to present). Eighteen percent of these veterans were women, compared with about 4 percent of
veterans from World War II, the Korean War, and the Vietnam era. (See tables 1 and 2A.) 

The unemployment rate for Gulf War-era II veterans was little changed at 3.3 percent in 2023.
Among Gulf War-era II veterans, the unemployment rates for men and women were little changed
over the year and not statistically different from each other (3.2 percent and 3.4 percent,
respectively). (See table A.) 

The unemployment rate for male Gulf War-era II veterans, at 3.2 percent, was lower than the
rate for male nonveterans, at 3.8 percent, in 2023. By age, unemployment rates for male Gulf
War-era II veterans and male nonveterans were not statistically different. (See table 2B.) 

The unemployment rate for female Gulf War-era II veterans, at 3.4 percent, was the same as
the rate for female nonveterans in 2023. By age, unemployment rates for female Gulf War-era
II veterans and nonveterans were not statistically different. (See table 2C.)

Employed Gulf War-era II veteran men were more likely to work in management, professional,
and related occupations (42.4 percent) than were employed nonveteran men (39.8 percent). These
veterans were also more likely to work in service occupations than their nonveteran
counterparts (14.4 percent and 12.7 percent, respectively). Male veterans from Gulf War-era
II were less likely to work in sales and office occupations than their nonveteran counterparts
(11.8 percent and 14.0 percent, respectively) and less likely to work in production, 
transportation, and material moving occupations (15.4 percent and 17.5 percent, respectively).
For women, employed Gulf War-era II veterans were less likely to work in service occupations
than their nonveteran counterparts (14.6 percent and 19.4 percent, respectively). Veteran 
women from this period of service were more likely to work in natural resources, construction,
and maintenance occupations, at 2.3 percent, than nonveteran women at 1.1 percent. (See table
4.)

Employed Gulf War-era II veteran men were more than twice as likely to work in the public
sector in 2023 as their employed nonveteran counterparts--25.7 percent versus 10.2 percent.
Employed female Gulf War-era II veterans were nearly twice as likely to work in the public
sector than nonveteran women--30.3 percent versus 16.2 percent. Overall, among employed Gulf
War-era II veterans, 14.3 percent worked for the federal government, compared with 2.2 percent
of nonveterans. (See table 5.) 

In August 2023, 39 percent of Gulf War-era II veterans reported serving in Iraq, Afghanistan,
or both locations. The unemployment rate for these veterans rose by 2.5 percentage points to
4.8 percent in August 2023. The rate for Gulf War-era II veterans who served elsewhere 
increased by 2.4 percentage points to 4.8 percent in August 2023. (See table 10.)

Gulf War-era I Veterans

In 2023, of the 3.0 million veterans who served during Gulf War era I (August 1990 to August
2001), 15 percent were women. The overall unemployment rate for Gulf War-era I veterans was
2.3 percent in 2023, little changed from the prior year. (See tables 1 and 2A.)

In 2023, the unemployment rate for male Gulf War-era I veterans (2.4 percent) was lower than
that of male Gulf War-era II veterans (3.2 percent). The difference in unemployment rates
reflects, at least in part, the older age profile of veterans who served during Gulf War era
I. Younger people--whether veterans or nonveterans--tend to have higher unemployment rates
than older people. The rate for female Gulf War-era I veterans (2.1 percent) was not 
statistically different than the rate for female Gulf War-era II veterans (3.4 percent). (See
tables 2B and 2C.)

Veterans of Other Service Periods 

In 2023, 3.9 million veterans had served on active duty during "other service periods,"mainly
between the Korean War and the Vietnam era and between the Vietnam era and Gulf War era I. In
2023, about 1 in 10 veterans of other service periods were women. (See tables 1 and 2C.) 

The jobless rate for veterans of other service periods, at 2.4 percent, changed little in 2023.
Among these veterans, the unemployment rate for Black or African Americans declined by 2.4
percentage points to 2.0 percent. All other major demographic groups of these veterans showed
little change over the year. (See table 1.)

Veterans with a Service-connected Disability

In August 2023, 5.3 million veterans, or 30 percent of all veterans, had a service-connected
disability. Veterans with a service-connected disability are assigned a disability rating by
the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs or the U.S. Department of Defense. Ratings range from
0 to 100 percent, in increments of 10 percentage points, depending on the severity of the
condition. (See table 7.) 

Over the year, the unemployment rate for veterans with a service-connected disability rose by
2.4 percentage points to 6.0 percent in August 2023. The rate for veterans with no service-
connected disability changed little, at 3.1 percent, and was lower than the rate for veterans
with a service-connected disability. The unemployment rate for male veterans with a service-
connected disability (4.8 percent) changed little over the year. By contrast, the rate for 
female veterans with a service-connected disability, which tends to show more variability, 
rose by 9.1 percentage points to 12.3 percent. 

Among veterans with a service-connected disability in August 2023, 20 percent had a disability
rating of less than 30 percent, while 56 percent had a rating of 60 percent or higher. 
Veterans with a service-connected disability rating of less than 30 percent were more likely
to be in the labor force than those with a rating of 60 percent or higher (56.3 percent versus
46.3 percent). The unemployment rate for veterans with a disability rating of less than 30
percent was 8.9 percent, not statistically different than the rate for those with a disability
rating of 60 percent or higher, at 5.7 percent.

In August 2023, 46 percent (2.4 million) of veterans who served during Gulf War era II
reported a service-connected disability. The labor force participation rate of Gulf War-era
II veterans with a service-connected disability (73.0 percent) was much lower than the rate
for veterans from this period with no service-connected disability (86.8 percent). Among Gulf
War-era II veterans, the unemployment rate for those with a service-connected disability (6.4
percent) was not statistically different than the rate for those with no disability (4.0
percent). 

Among Gulf War-era II veterans with a service-connected disability, 65 percent reported a
disability rating of 60 percent or higher in August 2023. Gulf War-era II veterans who 
reported a disability rating of less than 30 percent were much more likely to be in the labor
force than those with a rating of 60 percent or higher (83.0 percent compared with 67.9
percent). The unemployment rate for veterans of this service period with a disability rating
of less than 30 percent was 4.7 percent in August 2023, not statistically different than the
rate for those with a disability rating of 60 percent or higher, at 6.9 percent.

In August 2023, 31 percent (907,000) of veterans who served during Gulf War era I reported
a service-connected disability. Their labor force participation rate (59.8 percent) was lower
than the rate for Gulf War-era I veterans who did not have a service-connected disability 
(78.6 percent). The unemployment rate for Gulf War-era I veterans with a service-connected
disability (5.6 percent) was higher than the rate for those without a service-connected
disability (1.4 percent).

Regardless of period of service, many veterans with a service-connected disability work in
the public sector. In August 2023, 31.4 percent of employed veterans with a service-connected
disability worked in federal, state, or local government, compared with 20.0 percent of
veterans with no disability and 12.5 percent of nonveterans. Nineteen percent of employed 
veterans with a service-connected disability worked for the federal government, compared 
with 7.9 percent of veterans with no disability and 2.2 percent of nonveterans. (See table
8.)

Reserve and National Guard Membership

In August 2023, one-third (1.7 million) of Gulf War-era II veterans were current or past
members of the Reserve or National Guard. The labor force participation rate for veterans of
this period who were current or past members of the Reserve or National Guard (82.7 percent)
was not statistically different from the rate for veterans who had never been members (78.6
percent). Among Gulf War-era II veterans, those who were current or past members of the 
Reserve or National Guard had an unemployment rate of 4.2 percent, little changed from a year
earlier, while the rate for those who had never been members rose to 5.3 percent. (See table
9.)

Table A. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population 18 years and over by veteran status, period of service, and sex, 2022-2023 annual averages [Numbers in thousands]

Veteran status and period of service	2022			2023
	Total	Men	Women	Total	Men	Women
TOTAL VETERANS
Civilian noninstitutional population	18,370	16,342	2,027	17,898	15,858	2,040
Civilian labor force	8,807	7,616	1,191	8,632	7,480	1,152
Participation rate	47.9	46.6	58.7	48.2	47.2	56.5
Employed	8,557	7,400	1,158	8,391	7,276	1,115
Employment-population ratio	46.6	45.3	57.1	46.9	45.9	54.6
Unemployed	250	217	33	241	204	37
Unemployment rate	2.8	2.8	2.8	2.8	2.7	3.2
Not in labor force	9,563	8,726	837	9,267	8,378	888
Gulf War-era II veterans
Civilian noninstitutional population	4,903	4,008	895	5,039	4,118	920
Civilian labor force	3,918	3,257	660	4,008	3,342	665
Participation rate	79.9	81.3	73.8	79.5	81.2	72.3
Employed	3,796	3,155	641	3,877	3,234	643
Employment-population ratio	77.4	78.7	71.6	76.9	78.5	69.8
Unemployed	121	102	19	131	109	22
Unemployment rate	3.1	3.1	2.9	3.3	3.2	3.4
Not in labor force	985	751	235	1,031	776	255
NONVETERANS
Civilian noninstitutional population	236,451	107,655	128,795	239,789	109,935	129,854
Civilian labor force	153,017	78,628	74,389	156,034	80,214	75,820
Participation rate	64.7	73.0	57.8	65.1	73.0	58.4
Employed	147,523	75,756	71,768	150,472	77,192	73,280
Employment-population ratio	62.4	70.4	55.7	62.8	70.2	56.4
Unemployed	5,494	2,873	2,621	5,562	3,022	2,541
Unemployment rate	3.6	3.7	3.5	3.6	3.8	3.4
Not in labor force	83,434	29,027	54,406	83,755	29,721	54,034
NOTE: Veterans are men and women who served on active duty in the U.S. Armed Forces and were not on active duty at the time of the survey. Gulf War-era II veterans served on active duty anywhere in the world sometime since September 2001. Nonveterans never served on active duty in the U.S. Armed Forces. Effective with data for January 2023, estimates for veterans incorporate population controls derived from an updated Department of Veterans Affairs population model.

Technical Note

   The data in this news release were collected through the Current Population Survey
(CPS). The CPS--a monthly survey of about 60,000 eligible households conducted by the
U.S. Census Bureau for the Bureau of Labor Statistics--obtains information on
employment and unemployment among the nation's civilian noninstitutional population
age 16 and over.

   Most of the data in this news release are annual averages, compiled from the results
of the monthly survey. In August, a supplement to the CPS collected additional 
information about veterans on topics such as service-connected disability, veterans'
Reserve or National Guard status, and veterans who served in Iraq and/or Afghanistan.
The supplement was co-sponsored by the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs and by 
the U.S. Department of Labor's Veterans' Employment and Training Service. Questions
were asked of people 17 years of age and older regarding their prior service in the
U.S. Armed Forces. Data are tabulated for people 18 years of age and older.

   If you are deaf, hard of hearing, or have a speech disability, please dial 7-1-1
to access telecommunications relay services.

Definitions

   The definitions underlying the data in this news release are as follows:

   Veterans are men and women who previously served on active duty in the U.S. Armed
Forces and who were civilians at the time they were surveyed. Members of the Reserve
and National Guard are counted as veterans if they had ever been called to active 
duty. People who are on active duty at the time of the survey are outside the scope
of the survey and thus not in the estimates shown here, as are people who reside in
institutions, such as nursing homes and prisons.
   
   World War II, Korean War, Vietnam-era, and Gulf War-era veterans are men and 
women who served in the U.S. Armed Forces during these periods of service, 
regardless of where in the world they served. Veterans who served in more than one
wartime period are classified in the most recent one.

   Veterans of other service periods are men and women who served in the U.S. Armed
Forces at any time other than World War II, the Korean War, the Vietnam era, or the
Gulf War era. Although U.S. Armed Forces were engaged in several armed conflicts 
during other service periods, these conflicts were more limited in scope and included
a smaller proportion of the Armed Forces than the selected wartime periods. Veterans
who served during one of the selected wartime periods and during another period are
classified in the wartime period.

   Nonveterans are men and women who never served on active duty in the U.S. Armed
Forces.

   Veteran status is obtained from responses to the question, "Did you ever serve on
active duty in the U.S. Armed Forces?"

   Period of service identifies when a veteran served in the Armed Forces, but not 
the location of their service. It is obtained from answers to the question asked of
veterans, "When did you serve on active duty in the U.S. Armed Forces?" The following
service periods are identified:

      Gulf War era II -- September 2001-present
      Gulf War era I -- August 1990-August 2001
      Vietnam era -- August 1964-April 1975
      Korean War -- July 1950-January 1955
      World War II -- December 1941-December 1946
      Other service periods -- All other time periods

   Veterans could have served anywhere in the world during these periods of service.
Veterans are counted only in one period of service, their most recent wartime 
period. Veterans who served in more than one wartime period are classified in the 
most recent one. Veterans who served in both a wartime period and any other service
period are classified in the wartime period. The period-of-service definitions are 
modified occasionally to reflect changes in law, regulations, and program needs of 
the survey sponsors.

   Veterans who served in Iraq, Afghanistan, or both are individuals who served in
Iraq at any time since March 2003, in Afghanistan at any time since October 2001, or
in both locations. Service in Iraq or Afghanistan is determined by answers to two 
questions: "Did you serve in Iraq, off the coast of Iraq, or did you fly missions 
over Iraq at any time since March 2003?" and "Did you serve in Afghanistan, or did 
you fly missions over Afghanistan, at any time since October 2001?"

   Presence of service-connected disability is determined by answers to two questions
beginning in August 2021: "Have you filed a claim for or received a rating from the
Department of Veterans Affairs or the Department of Defense confirming that you have
a service-connected disability; that is, a health condition or impairment caused or
made worse by military service?" and (asked of those who said yes) "Did you receive
a VA disability rating?"  People who applied for and received a service-connected 
disability rating are classified as having a service-connected disability. People 
who applied for but did not receive a service-connected disability rating are 
classified as without a service-connected disability.

   Service-connected disability rating is based on answers to the question, "What
is your current VA service-connected disability rating?" Answers can range from 0 
to 100 percent, in increments of 10 percentage points. Ratings are determined by 
the VA or DoD from a rating schedule published in the Code of Federal Regulations,
Title 38, "Pensions, Bonuses, and Veterans' Relief," Part 4--"Schedule for Rating 
Disabilities." The rating schedule is "primarily a guide in the evaluation of 
disability resulting from all types of diseases and injuries encountered as a result
of or incident to military service. The percentage ratings represent as far as can
practicably be determined the average impairment in earning capacity resulting from
such diseases and injuries and their residual conditions in civil occupations." 
Part 4 contains a listing of hundreds of possible disorders and assigns ratings of
0 through 100 percent, with instructions for rating multiple disorders.

   Reserve and National Guard membership refers only to Gulf War-era veterans who
are current or past members of the Reserve or National Guard. Members of the 
Reserve and National Guard are counted as veterans if they had ever been called to
active duty. These data do not refer to all people who may have ever served in the
Reserve or National Guard. Beginning in August 2021, Reserve or National Guard 
status is obtained from answers to the question asked of veterans, "Have you ever
been a member of the Reserve or National Guard?" 

Reliability of the estimates

   Statistics based on the CPS are subject to both sampling and nonsampling error.
When a sample, rather than the entire population, is surveyed, there is a chance
that the sample estimates will differ from the true population values they 
represent. The component of this difference that occurs because samples differ by
chance is known as sampling error, and its variability is measured by the standard
error of the estimate. There is about a 90-percent chance, or level of confidence, 
that an estimate based on a sample will differ by no more than 1.6 standard errors 
from the true population value because of sampling error. BLS analyses are generally
conducted at the 90-percent level of confidence.

   The CPS data also are affected by nonsampling error. Nonsampling error can occur
for many reasons, including the failure to sample a segment of the population, the
inability to obtain information for all respondents in the sample, the inability or
unwillingness of respondents to provide correct information, and errors made in the
collection or processing of the data.

   Information about the reliability of national data from the CPS and instructions
on how to generate standard errors are available at 
www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#reliability.

   For a discussion of the reliability of state estimates from the CPS, such as 
those in tables 6A and 6B of this news release, see 
www.bls.gov/opub/geographic-profile/home.htm.

Comparability of the estimates

   Effective with data for January 2023, estimates for veterans incorporate 
population controls derived from a new Department of Veterans Affairs Veteran
Population Projection Model (VetPop2020). In accordance with usual practice, BLS 
did not revise estimates for previous years. Information about the Veteran 
Population Projection Model is available from the Department of Veterans Affairs at
www.va.gov/vetdata/docs/Demographics/New_Vetpop_Model/VetPop2020_A_Brief_Description.pdf.

Table 1. Employment status of persons 18 years and over by veteran status, period of service, sex, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2023 annual averages [Numbers in thousands]

Veteran status, period of service, sex, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity	Civilian noninsti- tutional population	Civilian labor force						Not in labor force
		Total	Percent of population	Employed		Unemployed
				Total	Percent of population	Total	Percent of labor force
TOTAL
Total, 18 years and over	257,687	164,666	63.9	158,863	61.6	5,803	3.5	93,021
Veterans	17,898	8,632	48.2	8,391	46.9	241	2.8	9,267
Gulf War era, total	7,995	6,136	76.7	5,955	74.5	181	2.9	1,859
Gulf War era II	5,039	4,008	79.5	3,877	76.9	131	3.3	1,031
Gulf War era I	2,956	2,128	72.0	2,079	70.3	50	2.3	828
WW II, Korean War, and Vietnam era	5,968	808	13.5	787	13.2	21	2.5	5,160
Other service periods	3,935	1,688	42.9	1,648	41.9	40	2.4	2,247
Nonveterans	239,789	156,034	65.1	150,472	62.8	5,562	3.6	83,755
Men
Total, 18 years and over	125,793	87,694	69.7	84,468	67.1	3,226	3.7	38,099
Veterans	15,858	7,480	47.2	7,276	45.9	204	2.7	8,378
Gulf War era, total	6,627	5,164	77.9	5,012	75.6	152	2.9	1,463
Gulf War era II	4,118	3,342	81.2	3,234	78.5	109	3.2	776
Gulf War era I	2,509	1,822	72.6	1,779	70.9	43	2.4	687
WW II, Korean War, and Vietnam era	5,715	786	13.8	768	13.4	19	2.4	4,929
Other service periods	3,516	1,530	43.5	1,496	42.5	34	2.2	1,986
Nonveterans	109,935	80,214	73.0	77,192	70.2	3,022	3.8	29,721
Women
Total, 18 years and over	131,894	76,972	58.4	74,394	56.4	2,578	3.3	54,922
Veterans	2,040	1,152	56.5	1,115	54.6	37	3.2	888
Gulf War era, total	1,368	972	71.0	943	68.9	29	3.0	396
Gulf War era II	920	665	72.3	643	69.8	22	3.4	255
Gulf War era I	447	306	68.5	300	67.0	6	2.1	141
WW II, Korean War, and Vietnam era	253	22	8.6	20	7.9	2	-	231
Other service periods	419	158	37.7	152	36.2	6	3.9	261
Nonveterans	129,854	75,820	58.4	73,280	56.4	2,541	3.4	54,034
White
Total, 18 years and over	197,808	125,424	63.4	121,456	61.4	3,968	3.2	72,385
Veterans	14,542	6,765	46.5	6,583	45.3	182	2.7	7,777
Gulf War era, total	6,037	4,703	77.9	4,567	75.6	136	2.9	1,334
Gulf War era II	3,790	3,060	80.7	2,962	78.2	98	3.2	730
Gulf War era I	2,247	1,643	73.1	1,605	71.4	38	2.3	604
WW II, Korean War, and Vietnam era	5,312	704	13.3	687	12.9	17	2.4	4,607
Other service periods	3,194	1,358	42.5	1,329	41.6	29	2.1	1,836
Nonveterans	183,266	118,659	64.7	114,873	62.7	3,786	3.2	64,608
Black or African American
Total, 18 years and over	33,325	21,653	65.0	20,490	61.5	1,163	5.4	11,672
Veterans	2,457	1,356	55.2	1,312	53.4	45	3.3	1,101
Gulf War era, total	1,402	1,026	73.2	990	70.6	36	3.5	376
Gulf War era II	862	653	75.7	624	72.4	28	4.3	209
Gulf War era I	541	373	69.1	366	67.6	8	2.1	167
WW II, Korean War, and Vietnam era	470	67	14.2	63	13.5	3	4.8	404
Other service periods	584	263	45.1	258	44.2	5	2.0	321
Nonveterans	30,868	20,297	65.8	19,179	62.1	1,118	5.5	10,571
Asian
Total, 18 years and over	17,050	11,326	66.4	10,988	64.4	338	3.0	5,724
Veterans	309	194	62.9	189	61.3	5	2.5	114
Gulf War era, total	191	150	78.6	147	76.9	3	2.2	41
Gulf War era II	140	112	80.3	111	79.5	1	1.0	28
Gulf War era I	51	38	74.3	36	69.9	2	5.8	13
WW II, Korean War, and Vietnam era	58	17	29.5	17	29.5	0	-	41
Other service periods	59	27	45.0	25	42.4	2	-	33
Nonveterans	16,741	11,131	66.5	10,798	64.5	333	3.0	5,610
Hispanic or Latino ethnicity
Total, 18 years and over	45,075	31,256	69.3	29,851	66.2	1,405	4.5	13,819
Veterans	1,471	916	62.3	889	60.4	27	2.9	555
Gulf War era, total	974	746	76.6	723	74.3	23	3.1	228
Gulf War era II	665	514	77.3	494	74.4	19	3.8	151
Gulf War era I	309	232	75.2	229	74.0	4	1.6	77
WW II, Korean War, and Vietnam era	269	47	17.3	45	16.6	2	4.2	222
Other service periods	229	123	53.8	121	53.0	2	1.5	106
Nonveterans	43,604	30,340	69.6	28,962	66.4	1,378	4.5	13,264
NOTE: Veterans are men and women who served on active duty in the U.S. Armed Forces and were not on active duty at the time of the survey. Nonveterans never served on active duty in the U.S. Armed Forces. Veterans could have served anywhere in the world during these periods of service: Gulf War era II (September 2001-present), Gulf War era I (August 1990-August 2001), Vietnam era (August 1964-April 1975), Korean War (July 1950-January 1955), World War II (December 1941-December 1946), and other service periods (all other time periods). Veterans are counted in only one period of service, their most recent wartime period. Veterans who served in more than one wartime period are classified in the most recent one. Veterans who served in both a wartime period and any other service period are classified in the wartime period. Estimates for the above race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. Persons whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Dash indicates no data or data that do not meet publication criteria (values not shown where base is less than 35,000).

Table 2A. Employment status of persons 18 years and over by veteran status, age, and period of service, 2023 annual averages [Numbers in thousands]

Veteran status, age, and period of service	Civilian noninsti- tutional population	Civilian labor force						Not in labor force
		Total	Percent of population	Employed		Unemployed
				Total	Percent of population	Total	Percent of labor force
TOTAL VETERANS
Total, 18 years and over	17,898	8,632	48.2	8,391	46.9	241	2.8	9,267
18 to 24 years	269	175	65.3	162	60.1	14	7.8	93
25 to 34 years	1,489	1,229	82.6	1,180	79.2	50	4.0	259
35 to 44 years	2,140	1,811	84.6	1,757	82.1	54	3.0	329
45 to 54 years	2,413	2,003	83.0	1,963	81.3	41	2.0	410
55 to 64 years	3,304	2,160	65.4	2,110	63.9	50	2.3	1,144
65 years and over	8,283	1,252	15.1	1,219	14.7	33	2.6	7,031
Gulf War era, total
Total, 18 years and over	7,995	6,136	76.7	5,955	74.5	181	2.9	1,859
18 to 24 years	269	175	65.3	162	60.1	14	7.8	93
25 to 34 years	1,489	1,229	82.6	1,180	79.2	50	4.0	259
35 to 44 years	2,140	1,811	84.6	1,757	82.1	54	3.0	329
45 to 54 years	2,185	1,829	83.7	1,793	82.1	36	1.9	357
55 to 64 years	1,361	949	69.7	926	68.0	23	2.4	412
65 years and over	551	142	25.7	137	24.9	5	3.3	409
Gulf War era II
Total, 18 years and over	5,039	4,008	79.5	3,877	76.9	131	3.3	1,031
18 to 24 years	269	175	65.3	162	60.1	14	7.8	93
25 to 34 years	1,489	1,229	82.6	1,180	79.2	50	4.0	259
35 to 44 years	1,871	1,587	84.8	1,541	82.4	45	2.8	284
45 to 54 years	768	630	81.9	617	80.3	13	2.0	139
55 to 64 years	495	337	68.0	328	66.1	9	2.8	159
65 years and over	147	50	34.0	49	33.6	1	-	97
Gulf War era I
Total, 35 years and over	2,956	2,128	72.0	2,079	70.3	50	2.3	828
35 to 44 years	269	225	83.5	216	80.2	9	3.9	44
45 to 54 years	1,417	1,199	84.6	1,176	83.0	23	1.9	218
55 to 64 years	865	612	70.7	598	69.2	14	2.2	253
65 years and over	405	92	22.8	88	21.8	4	4.4	313
WW II, Korean War, and Vietnam era
Total, 55 years and over	5,968	808	13.5	787	13.2	21	2.5	5,160
55 to 64 years	0	0	-	0	-	0	-	0
65 years and over	5,968	808	13.5	787	13.2	21	2.5	5,160
Other service periods
Total, 45 years and over	3,935	1,688	42.9	1,648	41.9	40	2.4	2,247
45 to 54 years	228	175	76.6	169	74.3	5	3.0	53
55 to 64 years	1,943	1,211	62.3	1,185	61.0	27	2.2	732
65 years and over	1,764	302	17.1	294	16.7	8	2.6	1,462
TOTAL NONVETERANS
Total, 18 years and over	239,789	156,034	65.1	150,472	62.8	5,562	3.6	83,755
18 to 24 years	29,815	19,503	65.4	18,036	60.5	1,466	7.5	10,313
25 to 34 years	43,039	36,074	83.8	34,658	80.5	1,416	3.9	6,965
35 to 44 years	41,314	34,620	83.8	33,642	81.4	977	2.8	6,694
45 to 54 years	37,546	30,804	82.0	30,023	80.0	780	2.5	6,743
55 to 64 years	38,099	25,092	65.9	24,452	64.2	640	2.6	13,008
65 years and over	49,976	9,943	19.9	9,660	19.3	282	2.8	40,033
NOTE: Veterans are men and women who served on active duty in the U.S. Armed Forces and were not on active duty at the time of the survey. Nonveterans never served on active duty in the U.S. Armed Forces. Veterans could have served anywhere in the world during these periods of service: Gulf War era II (September 2001-present), Gulf War era I (August 1990-August 2001), Vietnam era (August 1964-April 1975), Korean War (July 1950-January 1955), World War II (December 1941-December 1946), and other service periods (all other time periods). Veterans are counted in only one period of service, their most recent wartime period. Veterans who served in more than one wartime period are classified in the most recent one. Veterans who served in both a wartime period and any other service period are classified in the wartime period. Dash indicates no data or data that do not meet publication criteria (values not shown where base is less than 35,000).

Table 2B. Employment status of men 18 years and over by veteran status, age, and period of service, 2023 annual averages [Numbers in thousands]

Veteran status, age, and period of service	Civilian noninsti- tutional population	Civilian labor force						Not in labor force
		Total	Percent of population	Employed		Unemployed
				Total	Percent of population	Total	Percent of labor force
VETERANS, MEN
Total, 18 years and over	15,858	7,480	47.2	7,276	45.9	204	2.7	8,378
18 to 24 years	203	132	65.1	120	59.2	12	9.0	71
25 to 34 years	1,213	1,027	84.6	989	81.5	38	3.7	187
35 to 44 years	1,731	1,498	86.5	1,453	84.0	44	3.0	233
45 to 54 years	2,063	1,734	84.1	1,699	82.3	35	2.0	329
55 to 64 years	2,871	1,908	66.5	1,865	64.9	44	2.3	963
65 years and over	7,777	1,181	15.2	1,151	14.8	30	2.6	6,596
Gulf War era, total
Total, 18 years and over	6,627	5,164	77.9	5,012	75.6	152	2.9	1,463
18 to 24 years	203	132	65.1	120	59.2	12	9.0	71
25 to 34 years	1,213	1,027	84.6	989	81.5	38	3.7	187
35 to 44 years	1,731	1,498	86.5	1,453	84.0	44	3.0	233
45 to 54 years	1,856	1,576	84.9	1,545	83.2	31	1.9	280
55 to 64 years	1,153	811	70.3	789	68.4	22	2.7	342
65 years and over	471	121	25.6	116	24.7	4	3.7	350
Gulf War era II
Total, 18 years and over	4,118	3,342	81.2	3,234	78.5	109	3.2	776
18 to 24 years	203	132	65.1	120	59.2	12	9.0	71
25 to 34 years	1,213	1,027	84.6	989	81.5	38	3.7	187
35 to 44 years	1,518	1,317	86.8	1,280	84.3	37	2.8	201
45 to 54 years	641	538	83.9	526	82.1	12	2.2	103
55 to 64 years	421	286	67.9	276	65.6	9	3.3	135
65 years and over	123	43	35.3	43	34.8	1	1.3	79
Gulf War era I
Total, 35 years and over	2,509	1,822	72.6	1,779	70.9	43	2.4	687
35 to 44 years	213	181	84.9	173	81.3	7	4.1	32
45 to 54 years	1,215	1,038	85.4	1,019	83.9	19	1.8	177
55 to 64 years	732	525	71.8	513	70.0	13	2.4	207
65 years and over	348	77	22.2	73	21.1	4	5.0	271
WW II, Korean War, and Vietnam era
Total, 55 years and over	5,715	786	13.8	768	13.4	19	2.4	4,929
55 to 64 years	0	0	-	0	-	0	-	0
65 years and over	5,715	786	13.8	768	13.4	19	2.4	4,929
Other service periods
Total, 45 years and over	3,516	1,530	43.5	1,496	42.5	34	2.2	1,986
45 to 54 years	207	158	76.5	154	74.2	5	3.0	49
55 to 64 years	1,718	1,097	63.9	1,076	62.6	22	2.0	621
65 years and over	1,591	274	17.2	267	16.8	7	2.6	1,317
NONVETERANS, MEN
Total, 18 years and over	109,935	80,214	73.0	77,192	70.2	3,022	3.8	29,721
18 to 24 years	14,955	9,910	66.3	9,091	60.8	819	8.3	5,045
25 to 34 years	21,111	18,918	89.6	18,127	85.9	790	4.2	2,194
35 to 44 years	20,007	18,115	90.5	17,601	88.0	514	2.8	1,892
45 to 54 years	17,814	15,708	88.2	15,294	85.9	415	2.6	2,106
55 to 64 years	17,429	12,633	72.5	12,287	70.5	345	2.7	4,796
65 years and over	18,618	4,929	26.5	4,791	25.7	138	2.8	13,689
NOTE: Veterans are men and women who served on active duty in the U.S. Armed Forces and were not on active duty at the time of the survey. Nonveterans never served on active duty in the U.S. Armed Forces. Veterans could have served anywhere in the world during these periods of service: Gulf War era II (September 2001-present), Gulf War era I (August 1990-August 2001), Vietnam era (August 1964-April 1975), Korean War (July 1950-January 1955), World War II (December 1941-December 1946), and other service periods (all other time periods). Veterans are counted in only one period of service, their most recent wartime period. Veterans who served in more than one wartime period are classified in the most recent one. Veterans who served in both a wartime period and any other service period are classified in the wartime period. Dash indicates no data or data that do not meet publication criteria (values not shown where base is less than 35,000).

Table 2C. Employment status of women 18 years and over by veteran status, age, and period of service, 2023 annual averages [Numbers in thousands]

Veteran status, age, and period of service	Civilian noninsti- tutional population	Civilian labor force						Not in labor force
		Total	Percent of population	Employed		Unemployed
				Total	Percent of population	Total	Percent of labor force
VETERANS, WOMEN
Total, 18 years and over	2,040	1,152	56.5	1,115	54.6	37	3.2	888
18 to 24 years	66	44	65.9	42	63.1	2	4.3	23
25 to 34 years	276	203	73.5	191	69.4	11	5.6	73
35 to 44 years	409	313	76.6	304	74.3	10	3.0	96
45 to 54 years	350	269	76.8	264	75.3	5	2.0	81
55 to 64 years	433	252	58.2	246	56.8	6	2.4	181
65 years and over	506	71	14.0	68	13.5	3	3.8	435
Gulf War era, total
Total, 18 years and over	1,368	972	71.0	943	68.9	29	3.0	396
18 to 24 years	66	44	65.9	42	63.1	2	4.3	23
25 to 34 years	276	203	73.5	191	69.4	11	5.6	73
35 to 44 years	409	313	76.6	304	74.3	10	3.0	96
45 to 54 years	329	253	76.8	248	75.3	5	1.9	76
55 to 64 years	208	138	66.5	137	65.9	1	0.8	70
65 years and over	80	21	26.6	21	26.3	0	-	59
Gulf War era II
Total, 18 years and over	920	665	72.3	643	69.8	22	3.4	255
18 to 24 years	66	44	65.9	42	63.1	2	4.3	23
25 to 34 years	276	203	73.5	191	69.4	11	5.6	73
35 to 44 years	353	269	76.4	261	74.1	8	3.0	83
45 to 54 years	128	92	72.1	91	71.3	1	1.1	36
55 to 64 years	75	51	68.8	51	68.8	0	0.0	23
65 years and over	24	7	-	7	-	0	-	17
Gulf War era I
Total, 35 years and over	447	306	68.5	300	67.0	6	2.1	141
35 to 44 years	56	44	78.3	43	75.9	1	3.1	12
45 to 54 years	202	161	79.8	157	77.9	4	2.3	41
55 to 64 years	133	87	65.1	86	64.3	1	1.3	46
65 years and over	56	15	26.3	15	26.0	0	-	42
WW II, Korean War, and Vietnam era
Total, 55 years and over	253	22	8.6	20	7.9	2	-	231
55 to 64 years	0	0	-	0	-	0	-	0
65 years and over	253	22	8.6	20	7.9	2	-	231
Other service periods
Total, 45 years and over	419	158	37.7	152	36.2	6	3.9	261
45 to 54 years	21	16	-	16	-	1	-	5
55 to 64 years	225	114	50.6	109	48.4	5	4.4	111
65 years and over	173	28	16.1	27	15.7	1	-	145
NONVETERANS, WOMEN
Total, 18 years and over	129,854	75,820	58.4	73,280	56.4	2,541	3.4	54,034
18 to 24 years	14,860	9,592	64.6	8,946	60.2	647	6.7	5,268
25 to 34 years	21,927	17,156	78.2	16,531	75.4	625	3.6	4,771
35 to 44 years	21,307	16,504	77.5	16,041	75.3	464	2.8	4,802
45 to 54 years	19,732	15,095	76.5	14,730	74.6	366	2.4	4,637
55 to 64 years	20,671	12,459	60.3	12,164	58.8	294	2.4	8,212
65 years and over	31,357	5,014	16.0	4,869	15.5	145	2.9	26,344
NOTE: Veterans are men and women who served on active duty in the U.S. Armed Forces and were not on active duty at the time of the survey. Nonveterans never served on active duty in the U.S. Armed Forces. Veterans could have served anywhere in the world during these periods of service: Gulf War era II (September 2001-present), Gulf War era I (August 1990-August 2001), Vietnam era (August 1964-April 1975), Korean War (July 1950-January 1955), World War II (December 1941-December 1946), and other service periods (all other time periods). Veterans are counted in only one period of service, their most recent wartime period. Veterans who served in more than one wartime period are classified in the most recent one. Veterans who served in both a wartime period and any other service period are classified in the wartime period. Dash indicates no data or data that do not meet publication criteria (values not shown where base is less than 35,000).

Table 3. Employment status of persons 25 years and over by veteran status, period of service, and educational attainment, 2023 annual averages [Numbers in thousands]

Veteran status, period of service, and educational attainment	Civilian noninsti- tutional population	Civilian labor force						Not in labor force
		Total	Percent of population	Employed		Unemployed
				Total	Percent of population	Total	Percent of labor force
VETERANS
Total, 25 years and over	17,629	8,456	48.0	8,229	46.7	227	2.7	9,173
Less than a high school diploma	474	79	16.7	78	16.4	2	2.0	395
High school graduates, no college	4,939	2,058	41.7	1,999	40.5	59	2.9	2,881
Some college or associate degree	6,112	2,999	49.1	2,910	47.6	89	3.0	3,113
Bachelor's degree and higher	6,104	3,320	54.4	3,242	53.1	78	2.3	2,784
Gulf War era, total
Total, 25 years and over	7,726	5,960	77.1	5,794	75.0	167	2.8	1,766
Less than a high school diploma	52	30	57.8	30	57.6	0	-	22
High school graduates, no college	1,748	1,291	73.9	1,247	71.3	45	3.5	457
Some college or associate degree	2,826	2,137	75.6	2,071	73.3	66	3.1	689
Bachelor's degree and higher	3,100	2,501	80.7	2,445	78.9	56	2.2	598
Gulf War era II
Total, 25 years and over	4,770	3,832	80.3	3,715	77.9	117	3.1	938
Less than a high school diploma	30	18	-	18	-	0	-	11
High school graduates, no college	1,005	790	78.6	759	75.5	31	3.9	215
Some college or associate degree	1,769	1,386	78.4	1,335	75.5	51	3.7	383
Bachelor's degree and higher	1,966	1,637	83.3	1,602	81.5	35	2.1	329
Gulf War era I
Total, 25 years and over	2,956	2,128	72.0	2,079	70.3	50	2.3	828
Less than a high school diploma	23	12	-	12	-	0	-	11
High school graduates, no college	743	501	67.4	487	65.6	14	2.7	242
Some college or associate degree	1,057	751	71.0	736	69.6	15	2.0	306
Bachelor's degree and higher	1,134	864	76.2	844	74.4	21	2.4	269
WWII, Korean War, and Vietnam era
Total, 25 years and over	5,968	808	13.5	787	13.2	21	2.5	5,160
Less than a high school diploma	266	20	7.5	19	7.3	1	-	246
High school graduates, no college	1,872	214	11.5	211	11.3	3	1.5	1,657
Some college or associate degree	1,922	252	13.1	244	12.7	8	3.1	1,670
Bachelor's degree and higher	1,908	322	16.9	313	16.4	9	2.7	1,586
Other service periods
Total, 25 years and over	3,935	1,688	42.9	1,648	41.9	40	2.4	2,247
Less than a high school diploma	155	29	18.7	28	18.2	1	-	126
High school graduates, no college	1,320	552	41.9	541	41.0	11	2.0	767
Some college or associate degree	1,364	610	44.7	595	43.6	15	2.4	754
Bachelor's degree and higher	1,097	497	45.3	484	44.1	13	2.6	600
NONVETERANS
Total, 25 years and over	209,974	136,531	65.0	132,435	63.1	4,096	3.0	73,442
Less than a high school diploma	18,878	9,023	47.8	8,517	45.1	506	5.6	9,855
High school graduates, no college	58,428	33,840	57.9	32,503	55.6	1,337	4.0	24,588
Some college or associate degree	51,030	32,957	64.6	31,951	62.6	1,006	3.1	18,074
Bachelor's degree and higher	81,637	60,711	74.4	59,464	72.8	1,247	2.1	20,925
NOTE: Veterans are men and women who served on active duty in the U.S. Armed Forces and were not on active duty at the time of the survey. Nonveterans never served on active duty in the U.S. Armed Forces. Veterans could have served anywhere in the world during these periods of service: Gulf War era II (September 2001-present), Gulf War era I (August 1990-August 2001), Vietnam era (August 1964-April 1975), Korean War (July 1950-January 1955), World War II (December 1941-December 1946), and other service periods (all other time periods). Veterans are counted in only one period of service, their most recent wartime period. Veterans who served in more than one wartime period are classified in the most recent one. Veterans who served in both a wartime period and any other service period are classified in the wartime period. Dash indicates no data or data that do not meet publication criteria (values not shown where base is less than 35,000).

Table 4. Employed persons 18 years and over by occupation, sex, veteran status, and period of service, 2023 annual averages [Percent distribution]

Occupation and sex	Veterans						Non- veterans
	Total	Gulf War era			WW II, Korean War, and Vietnam era	Other service periods
		Total	Gulf War era II	Gulf War era I
TOTAL
Total employed (in thousands)	8,391	5,955	3,877	2,079	787	1,648	150,472
Occupation as a percent of total employed
Total employed	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Management, professional, and related occupations	43.3	45.0	44.0	46.9	40.7	38.4	44.2
Management, business, and financial operations occupations	21.3	21.5	19.8	24.5	23.7	19.4	19.1
Professional and related occupations	22.1	23.6	24.2	22.4	17.0	19.0	25.1
Service occupations	12.9	13.5	14.5	11.6	12.0	11.1	16.0
Sales and office occupations	14.4	14.0	14.2	13.8	17.7	14.2	18.9
Sales and related occupations	7.0	6.5	6.4	6.5	11.7	6.9	8.8
Office and administrative support occupations	7.4	7.6	7.7	7.3	6.0	7.2	10.1
Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations	12.7	12.6	13.6	10.7	10.0	14.4	8.7
Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations	0.4	0.3	0.4	0.2	0.7	0.3	0.6
Construction and extraction occupations	5.3	5.0	5.0	4.9	5.7	6.4	5.3
Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations	7.0	7.3	8.2	5.6	3.6	7.6	2.9
Production, transportation, and material moving occupations	16.7	14.9	13.8	16.9	19.6	22.0	12.2
Production occupations	6.5	6.2	5.9	6.8	5.7	7.8	5.1
Transportation and material moving occupations	10.2	8.7	7.8	10.2	13.9	14.2	7.1
MEN
Total employed (in thousands)	7,276	5,012	3,234	1,779	768	1,496	77,192
Occupation as a percent of total employed
Total employed	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Management, professional, and related occupations	41.7	43.2	42.4	44.7	40.8	36.9	39.8
Management, business, and financial operations occupations	21.2	21.3	19.7	24.2	23.8	19.4	19.4
Professional and related occupations	20.5	21.9	22.7	20.5	17.0	17.5	20.4
Service occupations	12.7	13.5	14.4	11.8	11.9	10.6	12.7
Sales and office occupations	12.8	12.0	11.8	12.2	17.3	13.1	14.0
Sales and related occupations	6.9	6.1	6.2	6.1	11.9	7.0	8.6
Office and administrative support occupations	5.8	5.8	5.7	6.1	5.4	6.1	5.3
Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations	14.4	14.7	15.8	12.5	10.1	15.7	16.0
Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations	0.4	0.4	0.4	0.3	0.7	0.4	0.8
Construction and extraction occupations	6.1	5.9	6.0	5.7	5.7	7.1	9.8
Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations	7.9	8.4	9.4	6.5	3.7	8.3	5.3
Production, transportation, and material moving occupations	18.4	16.6	15.4	18.8	19.9	23.7	17.5
Production occupations	7.1	7.0	6.7	7.6	5.7	8.3	6.8
Transportation and material moving occupations	11.3	9.6	8.8	11.2	14.2	15.3	10.7
WOMEN
Total employed (in thousands)	1,115	943	643	300	20	152	73,280
Occupation as a percent of total employed
Total employed	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Management, professional, and related occupations	54.1	54.6	52.0	60.2	-	52.9	48.8
Management, business, and financial operations occupations	21.9	22.3	20.3	26.8	-	19.5	18.7
Professional and related occupations	32.2	32.3	31.7	33.4	-	33.4	30.0
Service occupations	13.6	13.2	14.6	10.4	-	15.4	19.4
Sales and office occupations	25.1	25.0	25.8	23.4	-	24.7	24.1
Sales and related occupations	7.8	8.1	7.7	9.0	-	6.3	9.0
Office and administrative support occupations	17.3	16.9	18.1	14.4	-	18.5	15.1
Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations	1.6	1.7	2.3	0.3	-	1.1	1.1
Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations	0.1	0.0	0.1	0.0	-	0.2	0.3
Construction and extraction occupations	0.4	0.3	0.5	0.1	-	0.0	0.5
Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations	1.2	1.3	1.7	0.3	-	1.0	0.3
Production, transportation, and material moving occupations	5.6	5.5	5.4	5.7	-	5.8	6.6
Production occupations	2.2	2.0	2.2	1.7	-	2.7	3.3
Transportation and material moving occupations	3.4	3.5	3.2	4.1	-	3.2	3.3
NOTE: Veterans are men and women who served on active duty in the U.S. Armed Forces and were not on active duty at the time of the survey. Nonveterans never served on active duty in the U.S. Armed Forces. Veterans could have served anywhere in the world during these periods of service: Gulf War era II (September 2001-present), Gulf War era I (August 1990-August 2001), Vietnam era (August 1964-April 1975), Korean War (July 1950-January 1955), World War II (December 1941-December 1946), and other service periods (all other time periods). Veterans are counted in only one period of service, their most recent wartime period. Veterans who served in more than one wartime period are classified in the most recent one. Veterans who served in both a wartime period and any other service period are classified in the wartime period. Dash indicates no data or data that do not meet publication criteria (values not shown where base is less than 35,000).

Table 5. Employed persons 18 years and over by industry, class of worker, sex, veteran status, and period of service, 2023 annual averages [Percent distribution]

Industry, class of worker, and sex	Veterans						Non- veterans
	Total	Gulf War era			WW II, Korean War, and Vietnam era	Other service periods
		Total	Gulf War era II	Gulf War era I
TOTAL
Total employed (in thousands)(1)	8,391	5,955	3,877	2,079	787	1,648	150,472
As a percent of total employed
Total employed(1)	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Agriculture and related industries	1.4	0.7	0.7	0.7	5.8	1.9	1.4
Wage and salary workers(2)	0.7	0.5	0.6	0.4	1.4	0.9	1.0
Self-employed workers, unincorporated	0.7	0.2	0.1	0.3	4.4	0.9	0.4
Nonagricultural industries	98.6	99.3	99.3	99.3	94.2	98.1	98.6
Wage and salary workers(2)	93.1	95.3	95.3	95.1	78.0	92.6	92.9
Private industries	70.6	69.6	68.9	70.8	66.6	76.4	79.8
Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	0.7	0.8	0.8	0.9	0.3	0.6	0.3
Construction	6.3	6.3	6.6	5.6	5.0	6.9	6.2
Manufacturing	11.7	11.5	10.8	12.8	8.6	14.1	9.4
Wholesale trade	2.0	1.8	1.6	2.1	2.5	2.5	2.0
Retail trade	8.0	7.5	7.3	7.8	11.9	8.1	9.7
Transportation and utilities	8.2	7.8	7.7	8.0	6.3	10.3	4.9
Information	1.7	1.9	1.5	2.5	0.5	1.5	1.7
Financial activities	4.8	4.6	4.2	5.3	5.9	5.1	6.4
Professional and business services	11.1	11.3	12.0	10.0	9.3	11.1	11.5
Education and health services	9.0	9.3	9.3	9.4	6.7	9.1	16.0
Leisure and hospitality	4.0	4.1	4.3	3.8	5.0	2.9	7.8
Other services	3.2	2.7	2.7	2.7	4.6	4.2	4.0
Government	22.5	25.7	26.4	24.4	11.4	16.2	13.1
Federal	11.0	13.3	14.3	11.5	3.9	6.0	2.2
State	4.4	4.7	4.7	4.7	2.0	4.3	4.6
Local	7.1	7.7	7.4	8.1	5.5	5.9	6.3
Self-employed workers, unincorporated	5.4	4.0	3.9	4.1	16.1	5.5	5.7
MEN
Total employed (in thousands)(1)	7,276	5,012	3,234	1,779	768	1,496	77,192
As a percent of total employed
Total employed(1)	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Agriculture and related industries	1.6	0.8	0.8	0.8	5.9	2.0	1.9
Wage and salary workers(2)	0.8	0.6	0.7	0.4	1.4	1.0	1.3
Self-employed workers, unincorporated	0.8	0.2	0.1	0.4	4.5	1.0	0.6
Nonagricultural industries	98.4	99.2	99.2	99.2	94.1	98.0	98.1
Wage and salary workers(2)	92.9	95.3	95.5	95.0	77.9	92.4	91.7
Private industries	71.5	70.5	69.9	71.8	66.6	77.1	81.6
Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	0.8	0.9	1.0	0.9	0.3	0.6	0.6
Construction	7.0	7.1	7.5	6.5	5.1	7.6	10.7
Manufacturing	12.8	12.7	12.1	13.9	8.8	15.0	12.6
Wholesale trade	2.2	2.0	1.9	2.2	2.5	2.7	2.6
Retail trade	8.2	7.6	7.6	7.8	12.0	8.0	9.6
Transportation and utilities	8.9	8.7	8.5	8.9	6.3	11.0	7.1
Information	1.8	2.1	1.7	2.8	0.5	1.6	2.0
Financial activities	4.7	4.4	4.0	5.1	6.0	4.9	5.8
Professional and business services	11.1	11.4	11.9	10.5	9.2	11.1	12.6
Education and health services	7.1	7.1	6.9	7.4	6.5	7.4	7.2
Leisure and hospitality	3.8	3.8	4.2	3.2	5.0	3.1	7.3
Other services	3.2	2.7	2.7	2.6	4.4	4.1	3.6
Government	21.4	24.8	25.7	23.2	11.3	15.2	10.2
Federal	10.5	13.1	14.4	10.7	3.7	5.4	2.0
State	4.1	4.4	4.3	4.5	2.0	4.1	3.3
Local	6.8	7.3	6.9	8.0	5.6	5.7	4.8
Self-employed workers, unincorporated	5.5	3.9	3.7	4.2	16.1	5.6	6.4
WOMEN
Total employed (in thousands)(1)	1,115	943	643	300	20	152	73,280
As a percent of total employed
Total employed(1)	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Agriculture and related industries	0.3	0.3	0.4	0.0	-	0.2	0.9
Wage and salary workers(2)	0.1	0.1	0.2	0.0	-	0.2	0.6
Self-employed workers, unincorporated	0.1	0.2	0.2	0.0	-	0.0	0.3
Nonagricultural industries	99.7	99.7	99.6	100.0	-	99.8	99.1
Wage and salary workers(2)	94.8	95.0	94.4	96.2	-	95.0	94.2
Private industries	65.1	64.3	64.2	64.6	-	69.6	78.0
Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	0.2	0.2	0.0	0.7	-	0.3	0.1
Construction	1.6	1.8	2.3	0.9	-	0.5	1.5
Manufacturing	5.0	5.2	4.8	6.2	-	4.5	6.0
Wholesale trade	0.7	0.6	0.3	1.2	-	0.5	1.4
Retail trade	6.9	6.5	5.9	7.7	-	9.2	9.8
Transportation and utilities	3.4	3.3	3.7	2.3	-	3.5	2.5
Information	0.8	0.9	0.8	1.1	-	0.1	1.3
Financial activities	5.8	5.7	5.4	6.4	-	7.0	7.0
Professional and business services	10.7	10.5	12.3	6.7	-	11.2	10.3
Education and health services	21.7	21.2	21.3	21.1	-	26.0	25.3
Leisure and hospitality	5.1	5.6	4.8	7.5	-	1.8	8.3
Other services	3.3	2.7	2.6	2.9	-	5.1	4.5
Government	29.7	30.7	30.3	31.6	-	25.4	16.2
Federal	14.1	14.6	13.9	16.1	-	11.4	2.3
State	6.4	6.6	6.7	6.2	-	5.6	6.0
Local	9.2	9.5	9.7	9.2	-	8.4	7.9
Self-employed workers, unincorporated	4.9	4.7	5.2	3.8	-	4.8	4.9
Footnotes (1) Total includes a small number of unpaid family workers, not shown separately. (2) Includes self-employed workers whose business are incorporated.
NOTE: Veterans are men and women who served on active duty in the U.S. Armed Forces and were not on active duty at the time of the survey. Nonveterans never served on active duty in the U.S. Armed Forces. Veterans could have served anywhere in the world during these periods of service: Gulf War era II (September 2001-present), Gulf War era I (August 1990-August 2001), Vietnam era (August 1964-April 1975), Korean War (July 1950-January 1955), World War II (December 1941-December 1946), and other service periods (all other time periods). Veterans are counted in only one period of service, their most recent wartime period. Veterans who served in more than one wartime period are classified in the most recent one. Veterans who served in both a wartime period and any other service period are classified in the wartime period. Dash indicates no data or data that do not meet publication criteria (values not shown where base is less than 35,000).

Table 6A. Employment status of veterans 18 years and over by state, 2023 annual averages [Numbers in thousands]

State	Civilian noninsti- tutional population	Civilian labor force						Not in labor force
		Total	Percent of population	Employed		Unemployed
				Total	Percent of population	Total	Percent of labor force
TOTAL VETERANS
Total, 18 years and over	17,898	8,632	48.2	8,391	46.9	241	2.8	9,267
Alabama	355	174	49.2	172	48.6	2	1.1	180
Alaska	62	36	58.1	35	56.3	1	3.1	26
Arizona	458	222	48.5	216	47.1	6	2.9	236
Arkansas	207	95	45.8	94	45.1	1	1.6	112
California	1,324	601	45.4	584	44.1	17	2.9	723
Colorado	376	193	51.3	189	50.3	4	1.8	183
Connecticut	149	61	40.9	60	40.7	0	0.4	88
Delaware	75	34	44.7	32	42.3	2	5.4	41
District of Columbia	24	11	48.1	11	47.0	0	2.2	12
Florida	1,400	625	44.7	610	43.6	15	2.5	775
Georgia	634	325	51.2	317	50.0	8	2.5	309
Hawaii	87	40	45.7	39	44.8	1	2.0	47
Idaho	124	54	44.0	53	42.6	2	3.3	69
Illinois	499	215	43.2	209	41.9	6	3.0	284
Indiana	403	191	47.3	185	46.0	6	2.9	212
Iowa	204	114	56.0	110	54.0	4	3.6	90
Kansas	164	80	48.7	77	47.1	3	3.3	84
Kentucky	261	125	48.1	124	47.3	2	1.5	136
Louisiana	279	124	44.5	121	43.2	4	3.1	155
Maine	104	47	44.9	45	43.0	2	4.2	57
Maryland	340	190	56.0	186	54.8	4	2.0	150
Massachusetts	243	113	46.4	111	45.7	2	1.7	130
Michigan	515	254	49.3	247	48.0	7	2.7	261
Minnesota	275	121	43.9	116	42.3	5	3.7	154
Mississippi	183	77	42.2	75	41.2	2	2.5	106
Missouri	382	177	46.4	173	45.4	4	2.1	205
Montana	101	51	51.0	50	49.7	1	2.7	49
Nebraska	114	56	48.8	55	48.1	1	1.3	58
Nevada	216	112	51.8	106	49.1	6	5.2	104
New Hampshire	103	48	46.4	46	44.7	2	3.6	55
New Jersey	282	106	37.8	103	36.6	3	3.2	175
New Mexico	153	64	41.5	59	38.6	5	7.1	90
New York	666	280	42.0	270	40.5	10	3.6	386
North Carolina	684	320	46.8	315	46.1	5	1.7	364
North Dakota	47	27	57.4	26	56.8	0	1.1	20
Ohio	684	317	46.3	309	45.2	8	2.4	368
Oklahoma	258	140	54.3	139	53.7	1	1.0	118
Oregon	276	121	43.8	116	42.2	5	3.8	155
Pennsylvania	684	295	43.1	289	42.2	6	2.0	390
Rhode Island	55	25	44.9	24	43.8	1	2.5	30
South Carolina	437	200	45.8	193	44.3	7	3.4	237
South Dakota	59	32	54.5	32	53.2	1	2.5	27
Tennessee	475	222	46.7	213	44.9	9	3.9	253
Texas	1,603	915	57.1	885	55.2	30	3.2	688
Utah	147	81	55.3	80	54.2	2	2.0	66
Vermont	37	17	45.4	16	44.6	0	1.7	20
Virginia	735	447	60.8	431	58.6	16	3.7	288
Washington	473	238	50.4	229	48.5	9	3.8	234
West Virginia	123	55	44.7	54	43.8	1	2.2	68
Wisconsin	312	138	44.4	135	43.3	3	2.4	173
Wyoming	47	24	49.8	23	49.3	0	1.2	24
NOTE: Veterans are men and women who served on active duty in the U.S. Armed Forces and were not on active duty at the time of the survey. Dash indicates no data or data that do not meet publication criteria.

Table 6B. Employment status of nonveterans 18 years and over by state, 2023 annual averages [Numbers in thousands]

State	Civilian noninsti- tutional population	Civilian labor force						Not in labor force
		Total	Percent of population	Employed		Unemployed
				Total	Percent of population	Total	Percent of labor force
TOTAL NONVETERANS
Total, 18 years and over	239,789	156,034	65.1	150,472	62.8	5,562	3.6	83,755
Alabama	3,565	2,116	59.4	2,065	57.9	51	2.4	1,449
Alaska	468	315	67.2	300	64.0	15	4.7	154
Arizona	5,288	3,422	64.7	3,294	62.3	128	3.7	1,866
Arkansas	2,118	1,271	60.0	1,226	57.9	45	3.5	848
California	28,631	18,467	64.5	17,616	61.5	851	4.6	10,165
Colorado	4,190	2,979	71.1	2,885	68.9	94	3.1	1,211
Connecticut	2,697	1,794	66.5	1,728	64.1	66	3.7	903
Delaware	735	461	62.7	446	60.7	15	3.3	274
District of Columbia	518	380	73.4	362	69.8	18	4.8	138
Florida	16,597	10,293	62.0	10,020	60.4	273	2.7	6,304
Georgia	7,736	4,956	64.1	4,793	62.0	164	3.3	2,780
Hawaii	999	627	62.7	608	60.9	19	3.0	372
Idaho	1,373	900	65.6	871	63.4	29	3.3	473
Illinois	9,112	6,049	66.4	5,790	63.5	259	4.3	3,064
Indiana	4,803	3,166	65.9	3,057	63.6	109	3.4	1,638
Iowa	2,250	1,562	69.4	1,517	67.5	44	2.8	688
Kansas	2,024	1,412	69.8	1,373	67.8	40	2.8	611
Kentucky	3,162	1,846	58.4	1,768	55.9	78	4.2	1,316
Louisiana	3,137	1,919	61.2	1,849	58.9	71	3.7	1,218
Maine	1,029	633	61.6	616	59.9	18	2.8	395
Maryland	4,400	3,007	68.3	2,927	66.5	80	2.7	1,393
Massachusetts	5,299	3,564	67.3	3,446	65.0	119	3.3	1,735
Michigan	7,321	4,691	64.1	4,514	61.7	177	3.8	2,630
Minnesota	4,108	2,895	70.5	2,814	68.5	81	2.8	1,213
Mississippi	2,013	1,145	56.9	1,111	55.2	34	3.0	868
Missouri	4,350	2,856	65.7	2,771	63.7	85	3.0	1,494
Montana	793	527	66.4	512	64.6	15	2.8	266
Nebraska	1,361	973	71.5	952	70.0	21	2.1	388
Nevada	2,278	1,494	65.6	1,422	62.4	72	4.8	784
New Hampshire	1,037	691	66.7	676	65.2	15	2.2	346
New Jersey	6,886	4,636	67.3	4,420	64.2	216	4.7	2,250
New Mexico	1,477	872	59.1	841	56.9	32	3.6	605
New York	14,661	9,310	63.5	8,915	60.8	394	4.2	5,352
North Carolina	7,644	4,860	63.6	4,702	61.5	158	3.3	2,783
North Dakota	537	385	71.7	377	70.3	8	2.0	152
Ohio	8,356	5,369	64.3	5,197	62.2	172	3.2	2,987
Oklahoma	2,743	1,807	65.9	1,742	63.5	64	3.6	937
Oregon	3,095	1,988	64.2	1,918	62.0	70	3.5	1,107
Pennsylvania	9,489	6,112	64.4	5,927	62.5	185	3.0	3,377
Rhode Island	815	542	66.5	524	64.3	18	3.3	273
South Carolina	3,735	2,260	60.5	2,192	58.7	69	3.0	1,475
South Dakota	628	452	71.9	443	70.6	8	1.8	177
Tennessee	5,007	3,146	62.8	3,044	60.8	102	3.2	1,861
Texas	20,966	14,137	67.4	13,580	64.8	556	3.9	6,829
Utah	2,315	1,663	71.8	1,620	70.0	42	2.5	653
Vermont	491	328	66.9	323	65.7	6	1.8	162
Virginia	5,976	4,100	68.6	3,996	66.9	104	2.5	1,876
Washington	5,607	3,751	66.9	3,602	64.2	150	4.0	1,855
West Virginia	1,266	708	55.9	682	53.8	26	3.7	558
Wisconsin	4,303	2,929	68.1	2,839	66.0	90	3.1	1,374
Wyoming	399	269	67.4	261	65.4	8	2.9	130
NOTE: Nonveterans never served on active duty in the U.S. Armed Forces.

Table 7. Employment status of veterans 18 years and over by presence of service-connected disability, reported disability rating, period of service, and sex, August 2023, not seasonally adjusted

[Numbers in thousands]

Presence of disability, reported disability rating, period of service, and sex	Civilian noninsti- tutional population	Civilian labor force						Not in labor force
		Total	Percent of population	Employed		Unemployed
				Total	Percent of population	Total	Percent of labor force
TOTAL VETERANS
Total	17,879	8,603	48.1	8,268	46.2	335	3.9	9,276
With service-connected disability	5,278	2,632	49.9	2,475	46.9	157	6.0	2,646
Less than 30 percent disability rating	1,054	594	56.3	541	51.3	53	8.9	460
30 to 50 percent disability rating	917	500	54.6	481	52.4	19	3.9	417
60 percent or higher disability rating	2,940	1,362	46.3	1,284	43.7	77	5.7	1,578
Disability rating not reported	367	176	48.1	169	46.0	8	4.3	190
Without service-connected disability	11,742	5,563	47.4	5,390	45.9	173	3.1	6,180
Presence of disability not reported	859	408	47.5	403	46.9	5	1.2	451
Gulf War era, total
Total	8,018	6,174	77.0	5,922	73.9	252	4.1	1,844
With service-connected disability	3,269	2,266	69.3	2,126	65.0	140	6.2	1,003
Less than 30 percent disability rating	530	424	80.0	383	72.2	41	9.7	106
30 to 50 percent disability rating	537	435	81.0	415	77.4	19	4.5	102
60 percent or higher disability rating	2,000	1,268	63.4	1,196	59.8	72	5.7	732
Disability rating not reported	202	139	68.9	132	65.1	8	5.4	63
Without service-connected disability	4,352	3,623	83.2	3,516	80.8	106	2.9	730
Presence of disability not reported	397	285	71.8	280	70.5	5	1.8	112
Gulf War era II
Total	5,106	4,076	79.8	3,881	76.0	196	4.8	1,030
With service-connected disability	2,362	1,724	73.0	1,614	68.3	110	6.4	638
Less than 30 percent disability rating	282	235	83.0	224	79.1	11	4.7	48
30 to 50 percent disability rating	387	330	85.1	310	80.1	19	5.9	58
60 percent or higher disability rating	1,544	1,048	67.9	976	63.2	72	6.9	496
Disability rating not reported	148	112	75.5	104	70.4	8	6.7	36
Without service-connected disability	2,459	2,135	86.8	2,049	83.3	86	4.0	324
Presence of disability not reported	285	218	76.3	218	76.3	-	-	68
Gulf War era I
Total	2,912	2,097	72.0	2,041	70.1	56	2.7	814
With service-connected disability	907	543	59.8	512	56.5	30	5.6	365
Less than 30 percent disability rating	247	190	76.6	159	64.3	30	16.0	58
30 to 50 percent disability rating	149	105	70.4	105	70.4	-	-	44
60 percent or higher disability rating	457	221	48.3	221	48.3	-	-	236
Disability rating not reported	54	27	-	27	-	-	-	27
Without service-connected disability	1,893	1,487	78.6	1,467	77.5	21	1.4	405
Presence of disability not reported	112	67	60.1	62	55.5	5	-	45
WW II, Korean War, and Vietnam era
Total	5,941	737	12.4	709	11.9	29	3.9	5,204
With service-connected disability	1,423	151	10.6	146	10.3	5	3.6	1,271
Less than 30 percent disability rating	338	68	20.0	68	20.0	-	-	270
30 to 50 percent disability rating	280	30	10.6	30	10.6	-	-	250
60 percent or higher disability rating	721	41	5.6	35	4.9	5	-	680
Disability rating not reported	84	14	16.2	14	16.2	-	-	70
Without service-connected disability	4,248	563	13.3	540	12.7	23	4.1	3,685
Presence of disability not reported	270	23	8.4	23	8.4	-	-	247
Other service periods
Total	3,920	1,692	43.2	1,637	41.8	55	3.3	2,228
With service-connected disability	586	215	36.6	203	34.6	12	5.5	372
Less than 30 percent disability rating	187	102	54.9	91	48.6	12	11.5	84
30 to 50 percent disability rating	100	36	35.8	36	35.8	-	-	64
60 percent or higher disability rating	219	53	24.1	53	24.1	-	-	166
Disability rating not reported	81	24	29.2	24	29.2	-	-	57
Without service-connected disability	3,142	1,377	43.8	1,334	42.5	43	3.1	1,765
Presence of disability not reported	192	100	52.3	100	52.3	-	-	91
MEN VETERANS
Total	15,836	7,491	47.3	7,221	45.6	270	3.6	8,345
With service-connected disability	4,586	2,217	48.3	2,111	46.0	106	4.8	2,369
Less than 30 percent disability rating	952	529	55.6	485	51.0	43	8.2	423
30 to 50 percent disability rating	803	420	52.3	401	49.9	19	4.6	383
60 percent or higher disability rating	2,507	1,116	44.5	1,080	43.1	36	3.2	1,391
Disability rating not reported	325	152	47.0	145	44.6	8	5.0	172
Without service-connected disability	10,473	4,904	46.8	4,745	45.3	159	3.2	5,569
Presence of disability not reported	777	371	47.7	366	47.1	5	1.4	406
Gulf War era, total
Total	6,646	5,244	78.9	5,048	76.0	196	3.7	1,402
With service-connected disability	2,678	1,888	70.5	1,796	67.1	92	4.9	791
Less than 30 percent disability rating	441	366	82.9	331	75.1	34	9.4	75
30 to 50 percent disability rating	446	361	81.0	342	76.6	19	5.4	85
60 percent or higher disability rating	1,607	1,034	64.4	1,004	62.5	30	2.9	573
Disability rating not reported	184	127	68.9	119	64.8	8	6.0	57
Without service-connected disability	3,628	3,103	85.5	3,004	82.8	99	3.2	525
Presence of disability not reported	340	253	74.6	248	73.1	5	2.0	86
Gulf War era II
Total	4,172	3,435	82.3	3,281	78.6	154	4.5	737
With service-connected disability	1,894	1,400	73.9	1,331	70.3	68	4.9	495
Less than 30 percent disability rating	234	201	85.9	190	81.2	11	5.5	33
30 to 50 percent disability rating	314	273	87.1	254	80.9	19	7.1	40
60 percent or higher disability rating	1,211	826	68.2	796	65.7	30	3.7	385
Disability rating not reported	136	100	73.2	92	67.7	8	7.6	36
Without service-connected disability	2,037	1,841	90.4	1,755	86.1	86	4.7	197
Presence of disability not reported	241	195	81.0	195	81.0	-	-	46
Gulf War era I
Total	2,474	1,809	73.1	1,767	71.4	42	2.3	665
With service-connected disability	784	488	62.3	465	59.3	23	4.8	296
Less than 30 percent disability rating	207	165	79.5	142	68.3	23	14.1	42
30 to 50 percent disability rating	132	88	66.5	88	66.5	-	-	44
60 percent or higher disability rating	396	208	52.5	208	52.5	-	-	188
Disability rating not reported	48	27	-	27	-	-	-	21
Without service-connected disability	1,591	1,262	79.4	1,249	78.5	14	1.1	328
Presence of disability not reported	99	58	59.0	53	53.9	5	-	41
WW II, Korean War, and Vietnam era
Total	5,689	715	12.6	686	12.1	29	4.0	4,974
With service-connected disability	1,392	147	10.6	142	10.2	5	3.7	1,245
Less than 30 percent disability rating	326	63	19.4	63	19.4	-	-	263
30 to 50 percent disability rating	278	30	10.7	30	10.7	-	-	248
60 percent or higher disability rating	711	41	5.7	35	5.0	5	-	670
Disability rating not reported	77	14	17.5	14	17.5	-	-	64
Without service-connected disability	4,036	545	13.5	521	12.9	23	4.3	3,491
Presence of disability not reported	261	23	8.7	23	8.7	-	-	238
Other service periods
Total	3,501	1,532	43.8	1,487	42.5	45	3.0	1,969
With service-connected disability	516	182	35.3	173	33.5	9	5.1	334
Less than 30 percent disability rating	184	100	54.3	91	49.2	9	9.3	84
30 to 50 percent disability rating	79	29	36.9	29	36.9	-	-	50
60 percent or higher disability rating	189	41	21.6	41	21.6	-	-	148
Disability rating not reported	63	12	-	12	-	-	-	51
Without service-connected disability	2,809	1,256	44.7	1,220	43.4	36	2.9	1,553
Presence of disability not reported	177	95	53.5	95	53.5	-	-	82
WOMEN VETERANS
Total	2,043	1,112	54.4	1,046	51.2	65	5.9	931
With service-connected disability	692	415	60.1	364	52.7	51	12.3	276
Less than 30 percent disability rating	103	65	63.5	56	54.1	10	-	38
30 to 50 percent disability rating	114	80	70.5	80	70.5	-	-	34
60 percent or higher disability rating	433	246	56.9	204	47.3	42	16.9	187
Disability rating not reported	42	24	-	24	-	-	-	18
Without service-connected disability	1,270	659	51.9	645	50.8	14	2.1	611
Presence of disability not reported	82	37	45.4	37	45.4	-	-	45
Gulf War era, total
Total	1,372	929	67.7	874	63.7	56	6.0	443
With service-connected disability	591	379	64.1	330	55.9	49	12.9	212
Without service-connected disability	724	519	71.7	512	70.8	7	1.4	205
Presence of disability not reported	57	31	-	31	-	-	-	26
Gulf War era II
Total	934	641	68.7	600	64.2	42	6.5	293
With service-connected disability	467	324	69.4	283	60.5	42	12.8	143
Without service-connected disability	422	294	69.7	294	69.7	-	-	128
Presence of disability not reported	44	23	-	23	-	-	-	22
Gulf War era I
Total	438	288	65.8	274	62.6	14	4.9	150
With service-connected disability	123	55	44.2	47	38.4	7	-	69
Without service-connected disability	302	225	74.5	218	72.2	7	3.1	77
Presence of disability not reported	13	9	-	9	-	-	-	4
WW II, Korean War, and Vietnam era
Total	252	23	9.0	23	9.0	-	-	229
With service-connected disability	30	4	-	4	-	-	-	26
Without service-connected disability	212	18	8.6	18	8.6	-	-	194
Presence of disability not reported	9	-	-	-	-	-	-	9
Other service periods
Total	419	160	38.1	150	35.8	10	6.0	259
With service-connected disability	70	33	-	30	-	3	-	38
Without service-connected disability	334	122	36.4	115	34.3	7	5.8	212
Presence of disability not reported	15	6	-	6	-	-	-	9
NOTE: Veterans are men and women who served on active duty in the U.S. Armed Forces and were not on active duty at the time of the survey. Veterans could have served anywhere in the world during these periods of service: Gulf War era II (September 2001-present), Gulf War era I (August 1990-August 2001), Vietnam era (August 1964-April 1975), Korean War (July 1950-January 1955), World War II (December 1941-December 1946), and other service periods (all other time periods). Veterans are counted in only one period of service, their most recent wartime period. Veterans who served in more than one wartime period are classified in the most recent one. Veterans who served in both a wartime period and any other service period are classified in the wartime period. A service-connected disability is a health condition or impairment caused or made worse by military service. The associated disability rating, which can range from 0 to 100 percent, is determined from a rating schedule published in the U.S. Code of Federal Regulations, "Title 38." More information appears in the Technical Note of this news release. Dash indicates no data or data that do not meet publication criteria (values not shown where base is less than 75,000).

Table 8. Employed persons 18 years and over by veteran status, presence of service-connected disability, period of service, and class of worker, August 2023, not seasonally adjusted

Veteran status, presence of disability, and period of service	Total Employed (thousands)	Percent distribution by class of worker
		Total	Agriculture and related industries	Nonagricultural industries
				Total	Wage and salary workers(1)				Self- employed, unincorpo- rated, and unpaid family workers
					Private sector	Government
						Total	Federal	State and local
Veterans, total(2)	8,268	100.0	1.4	98.6	69.6	23.5	11.1	12.5	5.4
With service-connected disability	2,475	100.0	1.1	98.9	64.1	31.4	19.0	12.5	3.4
Without service-connected disability	5,390	100.0	1.6	98.4	72.1	20.0	7.9	12.2	6.2
Gulf War era, total(2)	5,922	100.0	0.8	99.2	68.2	26.7	13.4	13.3	4.2
With service-connected disability	2,126	100.0	0.7	99.3	63.7	33.4	20.3	13.2	2.2
Without service-connected disability	3,516	100.0	0.9	99.1	71.1	22.8	10.1	12.7	5.2
Gulf War era II(2)	3,881	100.0	0.9	99.1	67.6	27.9	14.3	13.6	3.6
With service-connected disability	1,614	100.0	0.9	99.1	65.1	32.7	18.6	14.2	1.3
Without service-connected disability	2,049	100.0	1.0	99.0	70.2	23.7	11.8	11.8	5.2
Gulf War era I(2)	2,041	100.0	0.6	99.4	69.4	24.6	11.9	12.8	5.4
With service-connected disability	512	100.0	-	100.0	59.3	35.6	25.5	10.1	5.1
Without service-connected disability	1,467	100.0	0.8	99.2	72.3	21.6	7.6	13.9	5.3
WW II, Korean War, and Vietnam era(2)	709	100.0	7.0	93.0	65.8	11.1	3.6	7.5	16.1
With service-connected disability	146	100.0	7.2	92.8	74.7	4.2	2.4	1.8	13.9
Without service-connected disability	540	100.0	7.2	92.8	63.2	12.9	4.0	8.9	16.6
Other service periods(2)	1,637	100.0	1.1	98.9	76.2	17.3	5.8	11.5	5.3
With service-connected disability	203	100.0	1.3	98.7	60.7	30.0	17.5	12.5	8.1
Without service-connected disability	1,334	100.0	1.2	98.8	78.5	15.7	3.7	12.0	4.6
Nonveterans	150,651	100.0	1.4	98.6	80.5	12.5	2.2	10.3	5.6
(1) Includes self-employed workers whose businesses are incorporated. (2) Includes veterans who did not report presence of disability.
NOTE: Veterans are men and women who served on active duty in the U.S. Armed Forces and were not on active duty at the time of the survey. Nonveterans never served on active duty in the U.S. Armed Forces. Veterans could have served anywhere in the world during these periods of service: Gulf War era II (September 2001-present), Gulf War era I (August 1990-August 2001), Vietnam era (August 1964-April 1975), Korean War (July 1950-January 1955), World War II (December 1941-December 1946), and other service periods (all other time periods). Veterans are counted in only one period of service, their most recent wartime period. Veterans who served in more than one wartime period are classified in the most recent one. Veterans who served in both a wartime period and any other service period are classified in the wartime period. A service-connected disability is a health condition or impairment caused or made worse by military service. The associated disability rating, which can range from 0 to 100 percent, is determined from a rating schedule published in the U.S. Code of Federal Regulations, "Title 38." More information appears in the Technical Note of this news release. Dash indicates no data or data that do not meet publication criteria (values not shown where base is less than 75,000).

Table 9. Employment status of Gulf War-era veterans by Reserve or National Guard status, August 2023, not seasonally adjusted

[Numbers in thousands]

Period of service and Reserve or National Guard status	Civilian noninsti- tutional population	Civilian labor force						Not in labor force
		Total	Percent of population	Employed		Unemployed
				Total	Percent of population	Total	Percent of labor force
VETERANS
Gulf War era, total
Total	8,018	6,174	77.0	5,922	73.9	252	4.1	1,844
Current or past member of Reserve or National Guard	2,809	2,175	77.4	2,090	74.4	86	3.9	634
Never a member of Reserve or National Guard	5,044	3,878	76.9	3,713	73.6	166	4.3	1,166
Reserve or National Guard membership not reported	165	120	72.9	120	72.9	-	-	45
Gulf War era II
Total	5,106	4,076	79.8	3,881	76.0	196	4.8	1,030
Current or past member of Reserve or National Guard	1,674	1,385	82.7	1,327	79.2	59	4.2	289
Never a member of Reserve or National Guard	3,314	2,605	78.6	2,468	74.5	137	5.3	709
Reserve or National Guard membership not reported	118	87	73.3	87	73.3	-	-	32
Gulf War era I
Total	2,912	2,097	72.0	2,041	70.1	56	2.7	814
Current or past member of Reserve or National Guard	1,135	790	69.6	763	67.2	27	3.5	345
Never a member of Reserve or National Guard	1,730	1,274	73.6	1,245	72.0	29	2.2	456
Reserve or National Guard membership not reported	46	33	-	33	-	-	-	13
NOTE: Veterans are men and women who served on active duty in the U.S. Armed Forces and were not on active duty at the time of the survey. The Gulf War era began in August 1990 and continues to the present day. It is divided into two periods of service: Gulf War era II (September 2001-present) and Gulf War era I (August 1990-August 2001). Veterans are counted in only one period of service, their most recent period. Data do not include Reserve and National Guard members who have never been called to Active Duty. Dash indicates no data or data that do not meet publication criteria (values not shown where base is less than 75,000).

Table 10. Employment status of Gulf War-era II veterans 18 years and over by location of service, August 2023, not seasonally adjusted

[Numbers in thousands]

Period of service and location	Civilian noninsti- tutional population	Civilian labor force						Not in labor force
		Total	Percent of population	Employed		Unemployed
				Total	Percent of population	Number	Rate
Total, Gulf War-era II veterans	5,106	4,076	79.8	3,881	76.0	196	4.8	1,030
Served in Iraq, Afghanistan, or both(1)	2,009	1,600	79.7	1,524	75.9	76	4.8	408
Served in Iraq(2)	1,578	1,252	79.4	1,179	74.7	74	5.9	326
Served in Afghanistan(3)	1,029	802	78.0	781	75.9	21	2.6	227
Served in both locations(4)	598	454	76.0	435	72.8	19	4.1	144
Served elsewhere	3,098	2,476	79.9	2,357	76.1	120	4.8	621
(1) Refers to veterans who served in Iraq at anytime since March 2003 and veterans who served in Afghanistan at anytime since October 2001. Also includes veterans who served in both countries. (2) Includes all veterans who served in Iraq at any time since March 2003, whether or not they also served in Afghanistan. (3) Includes all veterans who served in Afghanistan at any time since October 2001, whether or not they also served in Iraq. (4) Veterans who served in both Iraq and Afghanistan during the designated dates are also included in the totals of each location above.
NOTE: Veterans are men and women who served on active duty in the U.S. Armed Forces and were not on active duty at the time of the survey. Gulf War-era II veterans served anywhere in the world at any time since September 2001. Dash indicates no data or data that do not meet publication criteria (values not shown where base is less than 75,000).