TEXT Table 1. Rate changes: Average (mean) changes(1) in wages under current and replaced Table 2. Rate changes: Average (mean) changes(1) in wages and compensation in private industry Table 3. Rate changes: Average (mean) changes(1) in wages and compensation in private industry Table 4. Rate changes: Percent distribution of workers under private industry collective bargaining Table 5. Rate changes: Percent distribution of workers under Table 6. Rate changes: Percent distribution of workers under construction collective bargaining Table 7. Rate changes: Selected characteristics of settlements covering 1,000 workers or more, by duration of Table 8. Rate changes: Average (mean) changes(1) in wages and compensation in private industry Table 9. Rate changes: Average (mean) changes(1) in wages and compensation in private industry Table 10. Cost changes: Average (mean) changes(1) in the cost of compensation and components Table 11. Cost changes: Average (mean) changes(1) in the cost of compensation and components Table 12. Cost changes: Percent distribution of workers in Table 13. Rate changes: Average changes in wages in private industry collective bargaining agreements covering 1,000 Table 14. Rate changes: Average changes in wages in private industry collective bargaining Technical Information: USDL: 94-523 Janice Devine (202) 606-6276 FOR RELEASE: 10:00 A.M. EDT William Davis (202) 606-6277 Tuesday, October 25, 1994 Media Contact: (202) 606-5902 MAJOR COLLECTIVE BARGAINING SETTLEMENTS IN PRIVATE INDUSTRY, THIRD QUARTER 1994 Major collective bargaining settlements reached in private industry during the third quarter of 1994 called for annual changes in wage rates over the contract term that were lower, on average, than were specified in the agreements they replaced, the U.S. Department of Labor's Bureau of Labor Statistics reported today. This relationship has now existed for eight consecutive quarters. The Bureau's series on major collective bargaining statistics covers bargaining units of 1,000 or more workers. Wage rate changes under settlements Settlements in the third quarter of 1994 specified wage rate changes averaging an increase of 0.9 percent in the first year of the agreements and 1.9 percent annually over the term of the contracts. (See tables 1 and 2.) Corresponding changes in agreements they replaced (which were negotiated in 1991 for the majority of workers) were increases of 2.6 percent and 2.8 percent. (Lump-sum payments and cost- of-living adjustments are not included in specified wage rate changes.) During the quarter, 97 settlements, covering 348,000 workers, were concluded. Settlements in construction, airlines, and the manufacture of electrical and food products accounted for nearly two-thirds of the workers. Fifteen agreements, covering 57,000 workers, contained newly negotiated cash lump-sum provisions. Such provisions were maintained in nine agreements for 26,000 workers and discontinued in two agreements for 11,000 workers. As of September 30, 1994, lump-sum provisions covered 42 percent of the 5.4 million workers under all major collective bargaining contracts in private industry, the level that existed when lump-sum information was first compiled in 1987. Lump-sum coverage had been as high as 44 percent in 1989 and dropped to a low of 36 percent at the end of 1992. Twelve agreements reached in the third quarter of 1994, covering 82,000 workers, retained their cost-of-living adjustment clauses (COLAs), while four agreements for 8,000 workers dropped COLA coverage, and no agreements added it. As of September 30, COLA provisions covered 24 percent of the 5.4 million workers under major collective bargaining contracts, the same as at the end of 1993, but down from 28 percent at the end of 1992 and 30 percent at the end of 1991. COLA coverage had been about 40 percent from 1987 through 1990. - 2 - Workers under third-quarter settlements accounted for 17 percent of the 2 million workers under the 373 settlements reached in the 12 months ended September 30, 1994. (See table 3.) On average, settlements during this 4-quarter period specified a lower wage rate change over their term than the contracts being replaced--an annual increase of 2.2 percent compared with 2.7 percent. (See the chart.) This has been the pattern in the last eight 4-quarter periods. Over their term, agreements reached during the year ended September 30 specified wage rate increases for 93 percent of the workers, no wage change for 5 percent of the workers, and decreases for 2 percent. (See table 4.) These contracts had the longest average duration--37.9 months--recorded since the Bureau of Labor Statistics began publishing this measure in 1972. (See table 7.) Fifty-seven percent of the workers under settlements reached during the 4-quarter period ended September 30 had either a cash lump-sum payment provision or a COLA clause or both. Their wage changes over the contract term averaged an increase of 2.1 percent annually, nearly the same as the 2.2 percent received by workers in settlements with neither provision. Lump-sum payments are not part of the ongoing rate structure and, therefore, are excluded from the rate data. Such payments, however, are included in measures of compensation cost changes discussed in the next section. Potential wage changes from COLA clauses depend on future price changes and, therefore, are excluded from both rate and cost data. (See the Explanatory Note.) Lump-sum payment and COLA provisions typically are negotiated more frequently for manufacturing than for nonmanufacturing workers. During the year ended September 30, cash lump-sum payment and/or COLA provisions covered 79 percent of the workers in manufacturing settlements compared with 44 percent in nonmanufacturing. For all manufacturing settlements, the wage rate change averaged an annual increase of 1.7 percent over the contract term. Settlements with cash lump-sum and/or COLA provisions called for wage rate changes averaging an increase of 1.6 percent annually over the life of the agreement compared with 2.0 percent in settlements with neither provision. Nonmanufacturing settlements reached in the year ended September 30 called for wage rate changes averaging an increase of 2.5 percent annually over their life. Contrary to the pattern in manufacturing, settlements with lump-sum and/or COLA provisions had higher annual wage changes than those with neither provision--an increase of 2.7 percent over the contract term compared with 2.3 percent. Compensation cost changes under settlements The BLS data on negotiated changes in employers' costs for employee compensation relate to settlements covering 5,000 or more workers. Compensation cost changes include specified (guaranteed) cash and benefit lump-sum payments and reflect both the size and timing of compensation rate changes. Lump-sum payments and the timing are not taken into account in the rate measure. See the Explanatory Note for a more detailed description of the cost series. - 3 - Fifty-one percent of the 348,000 workers covered by all major settlements negotiated in the third quarter of 1994 were covered by settlements for 5,000 workers or more. These settlements provided total compensation cost changes averaging an increase of 0.8 percent annually over the life of the contract. (See table 10.) Annual cost changes over the contract term averaged 0.8 percent for wages alone and 0.9 percent for cash payments (wages and cash lump-sum payments) to workers. Annual cost changes for benefits averaged 0.5 percent. Seventy percent (1.4 million) of the workers under all major settlements negotiated in the year ended September 30, 1994, were covered under settlements for 5,000 or more workers. These settlements provided total compensation cost changes averaging an increase of 1.7 percent annually over the contract term. Over the contract term, annual changes averaged increases of 1.4 percent for both wages alone and for cash payments (including wages and cash lump-sum payments) and 2.2 percent for benefit costs. Fifty-two percent of the workers under settlements for 5,000 or more workers reached in the year ended September 30 could receive compensation increases beyond those specified in the settlement from contingent pay provisions. Examples of such provisions include COLA clauses and lump-sum provisions that call for a payment only if company profits exceed a specified amount. Potential payments under these provisions are excluded from the series. Annual compensation cost changes over the contract term averaged an increase of 1.9 percent in settlements with contingent pay provisions and 1.5 percent in those without such provisions. (See table 11.) Wage rate changes under all major contracts In addition to data just presented on changes in rates and costs under settlements, the Bureau compiled information on wage rate changes during the third quarter of 1994 under all major contracts. (See table 13.) Wage changes averaged an increase of 0.9 percent--0.1 percent from settlements reached during the quarter, 0.7 percent from agreements reached earlier, and 0.1 percent from COLAs. Approximately 5.4 million workers were covered by these contracts. About 2 million workers had their wages increased, another 3.3 million workers were under major contracts in which wage rates remained the same during the third quarter, and 31,000 workers had wage decreases. Wage rate increases during the third quarter of 1994 stemmed from one or more of the following: 1) Settlements reached in 1994 which provided increases in the quarter averaging 3.0 percent for 295,000 workers; 2) contracts negotiated before 1994 that specified increases in the quarter averaging 3.5 percent for 1,131,000 workers; and 3) COLA provisions, which yielded average increases of 0.5 percent for 629,000 workers. About 238,000 additional workers had COLA reviews which did not produce a wage change, largely because movement in the BLS Consumer Price Index was insufficient to trigger one. COLA reviews during the third quarter of 1994 generated average wage rate changes that amounted to 54 percent of the CPI movement during the review period. - 4 - Fourth-quarter 1994 activity During October-December 1994, 148,000 workers are under 50 major agreements scheduled to expire or reopen for wage negotiations. About 38 percent of these workers are employed in food stores and electric, gas, and sanitary services. In addition, there are 223,000 workers under 62 agreements that expired or were reopened, but had not been renegotiated or ratified prior to October 1, 1994. Thirty-six percent of these workers are in the health services, airline, food store, and construction industries. In the fourth quarter, 652,000 workers are scheduled for wage increases averaging 2.9 percent under provisions of agreements negotiated prior to 1994, and about 86,000 are slated for increases averaging 2.3 percent under agreements reached during 1994. COLA reviews are scheduled for 805,000 workers during the quarter. EXPLANATORY NOTE ABOUT THE DATA This release covers major collective bargaining units--those with 1,000 or more workers--in private nonfarm industries. It is limited to production and related workers in manufacturing and nonsupervisory workers in nonmanufacturing. About 6.8 percent of the employed production and nonsupervisory workers in private industry (excluding households) are covered by a major bargaining agreement. Wage and compensation changes under settlements The series on major collective bargaining settlements estimates how much wage and compensation rates and compensation costs will change from existing levels as a result of new collective bargaining agreements reached during specified reference periods. Compensation rates include: Straight-time pay for time worked; premium pay for overtime, weekend, holiday, and shift work; paid leave; life, health, and sickness and accident insurance; pension and other retirement plans; severance pay; and legally required benefits. Compensation rates exclude lump-sum payments because they are not part of the ongoing rate structure. Compensation costs include: All items covered by compensation rates plus specified cash and benefit lump-sum payments, which are excluded from rate data. Wage and compensation rate changes: The rate change for a settlement is the percent difference between the average rate just prior to the start of a new agreement and the average rate that would exist at the end of the first 365 days of the new agreement (first year measure) or at its expiration date (over-the-life measure). (The over-the-life measure is expressed as an annual average change.) The average rate change for all settlements is calculated by first multiplying the rate change for each settlement by the number of workers under the settlement. Next, the resulting products are summed, and the sum is divided by the total number of workers under all settlements. The result is the average change for all settlements. - 5 - Compensation cost changes: The compensation cost change for a settlement is the percent difference between the average cost of compensation per work hour (including the hourly cost of lump-sum payments made during the term of the expiring agreement) just prior to the start of a new agreement and the average cost of compensation per work hour under the settlement. The average cost of compensation under the settlement is calculated in two steps, as follows: 1) Each hourly compensation rate (excluding lump-sum payments) is multiplied by the number of hours it is to be paid during the agreement; the products are summed; and the total is divided by the number of work hours over the agreement term. The result is the cost per work hour of compensation excluding specified lump-sum payments. 2) The cost per work hour of specified lump-sum payments is computed by dividing the total amount of any cash and benefit lump sums by the total number of work hours over the agreement term. The sum of the results of steps 1 and 2 is the estimated average cost of compensation per work hour over the term of the new agreement. The percent difference between this amount and the average cost at the end of the expiring agreement is the average cost change under the settlement. The average cost change under all settlements is calculated by multiplying the percent change in cost under each settlement by the number of workers under the settlement. The results are summed, and the sum is divided by the total number of workers under all settlements. The following example illustrates one of the major differences between the compensation rate series and the compensation cost series. Two agreements (A and B) expire. At expiration, compensation under each agreement is $10 an hour. The agreements are replaced by new settlements that run for 1 year. The settlement replacing agreement A immediately increases compensation from $10 an hour to $10.50 an hour. The settlement replacing agreement B leaves compensation unchanged for the first 6 months and then increases compensation from $10 an hour to $10.50 an hour. The rate series measures the size of each settlement by calculating the difference between compensation at the expiration of the old agreement and compensation at the expiration of the new agreement and computing the percent change. Thus, it measures each settlement as providing a 5-percent ($.50/$10) compensation rate increase over the 1 year term. The cost series measures the size of each settlement by comparing employer costs for compensation under the settlement with what they were under the expiring agreement just before it was renegotiated as follows: When each agreement expired, an employee who worked 2,000 hours over the year would cost the employer $20,000 (2,000 hours at $10). Under the settlement replacing agreement A (with the immediate increase), the employer would pay for 2,000 hours at $10.50 an hour, or $21,000 for the year, a 5-percent increase over the $20,000. Under the settlement replacing agreement B (with the delayed increase), the employer would pay for 1,000 hours at $10 an hour and for 1,000 hours at $10.50 an hour, or $20,500 for the year, a 2.5-percent increase over the $20,000. Thus, the cost series reflects the influence of timing of changes during the agreement term which the rate series does not reflect. - 6 - For a more detailed description of the compensation cost series and how it compares with the compensation rate series, see Alvin Bauman, "A New Measure of Compensation Cost Adjustments," Monthly Labor Review, August 1990, pp. 11-18. Data on changes under settlements exclude potential increases or decreases that may result from COLA clauses that are based on future changes in the CPI unknown at the time of settlement. The data do, however, include "guaranteed" COLA payments (those specified when the agreement was reached and specified to be implemented later) because they are not tied to subsequent price movements. Similarly, data on cost changes exclude contingent lump-sum payments (such as those tied to future profit levels or productivity increases) but include lump-sum payments guaranteed by the settlement. Estimates of changes are based on the assumption that conditions existing at the time of settlement (e.g., composition of the labor force or methods of funding pensions) will remain constant over the life of the agreement. Wage rate changes under all contracts The series on all major collective bargaining contracts estimates average wage rate changes during the reference period under settlements reached during the calendar year as well as under major agreements reached earlier and remaining in force during the period. The average change under all contracts in force during a period is computed by multiplying the percent change under each contract by the number of workers covered, adding the products, and dividing the sum by the total number of workers under all contracts. The average rate change reflects net rate increases, decreases, and zero changes during the reference period. Rate increases and decreases stem from settlements in the calendar year that call for increases or decreases during the period, from agreements reached earlier with increases or decreases deferred to the period, and from COLA clauses. (Although wage increases and decreases from COLA clauses are not incorporated into base wage rates under all agreements, they are included in the wage rate change measure for all contracts.) Wage changes under COLA clauses are based on changes in the Consumer Price Index for a review period designated in the agreement. Data for 1994 are preliminary and may be revised if additional information is obtained. Final data will be available in the Spring of 1995. Additional historical information is available from the Office of Compensation and Working Conditions, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Washington, DC 20212-0001. - 7 - Data on major public sector collective bargaining settlements are developed separately and issued semi-annually. Data for the first half of 1994 were released in August 1994. Information in this release will be made available to sensory impaired individuals upon request. Voice phone: 202-606-7828, TDD phone: 202-606-5897, TDD Message Referral Phone Number: 1-800-326- 2577. _____________________________________________ Major private industry collective bargaining settlements data for the fourth quarter of 1994 and for the full year 1994 will be released on January 31, 1995, at 10:00 AM (EST). Table 1. Rate changes: Average (mean) changes(1) in wages under current and replaced private industry collective bargaining settlements covering 1,000 workers or more, by quarter, and during 4-quarter periods (in percent) 1992 1993 1994 Measure III IV I II III IV I(2) II(2) III(- 3) Quarterly averages First year change(4) Current settlements............... 2.9 1.8 2.5 2.5 1.1 2.8 3.0 2.3 0.9 Replaced settlements.............. 3.1 4.9 4.4 4.0 3.6 3.4 5.4 2.8 2.6 Annual change over the contract term(5) Current settlements............... 3.1 2.6 2.7 2.5 1.7 2.0 2.4 2.5 1.9 Replaced settlements.............. 2.8 4.0 3.8 3.5 3.0 2.2 3.7 3.0 2.8 Four quarters ended First year change(4) Current settlements............... 3.1 2.7 2.6 2.5 2.0 2.3 2.4 2.3 2.3 Replaced settlements.............. 3.3 3.6 3.6 3.9 4.1 3.7 3.9 3.5 3.3 Annual change over the contract term(5) Current settlements............... 3.1 3.0 2.9 2.7 2.3 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.2 Replaced settlements.............. 3.1 3.4 3.3 3.4 3.5 2.9 2.9 2.8 2.7 1 Includes net increases, decreases, and zero change. All measures exclude any cash or benefit lump-sum payments and potential changes from COLA clauses. 2 Preliminary revised. 3 Preliminary. 4 Changes under settlements reached in the period and effective within 12 months of the contract effective date. 5 Changes under settlements reached in the period expressed as an average annual rate over the life of the contract. Table 2. Rate changes: Average (mean) changes(1) in wages and compensation in private industry collective bargaining settlements, third quarter of 1994 (preliminary) (in percent) Annual Number of Measure First-year change over workers Number of change(2) the contract (000's) settlements term(3) Wage changes in settlements covering 1,000 workers or more: All industries........................... 0.9 1.9 348 97 With lump-sum provisions............... 0.8 1.8 83 24 Without lump-sum provisions............ 0.9 1.9 265 73 With either lump sums, COLA, or both... 1.8 2.2 129 26 With neither lump sums nor COLA........ 0.3 1.7 218 71 Manufacturing............................ 2.0 2.1 160 36 Nonmanufacturing......................... -0.1 1.8 187 61 Construction............................. 2.2 2.5 86 33 Contracts without COLA clauses......... 2.2 2.5 86 33 All industries excluding construction.... 0.4 1.7 262 64 Nonmanufacturing excluding construction.. -2.0 1.1 102 28 Goods-producing.......................... 2.1 2.2 246 69 Service-producing........................ -2.0 1.1 102 28 Compensation changes in settlements covering 5,000 workers or more: All industries........................... -0.1 1.4 178 14 Manufacturing............................ 2.7 2.1 101 6 Nonmanufacturing......................... -3.9 0.5 77 8 Construction............................. 2.4 2.7 18 3 All industries excluding construction.... -0.4 1.3 159 11 Nonmanufacturing excluding construction.. -5.9 -0.2 59 5 Goods-producing.......................... 2.7 2.2 119 9 Service-producing........................ -5.9 -0.2 59 5 1 Includes net increases, decreases, and zero change. The lump-sum measures refer to whether or not settlements have cash lump-sum provisions. All measures exclude any cash or benefit lump-sum payments and potential changes from COLA clauses. 2 Changes under settlements reached in the period and effective within 12 months of the contract effective date. 3 Changes under settlements reached in the period expressed as an average annual rate over the life of the contract. NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual employment items may not equal totals. Table 3. Rate changes: Average (mean) changes(1) in wages and compensation in private industry collective bargaining settlements, four quarters ended with the third quarter of 1994 (preliminary) (in percent) Annual Number of Measure First-year change over workers Number of change(2) the contract (000's) settlements term(3) Wage changes in settlements covering 1,000 workers or more: All industries........................... 2.3 2.2 2,020 373 With COLA clauses...................... 2.9 1.7 608 55 Without COLA clauses................... 2.1 2.4 1,412 318 With lump-sum provisions............... 2.7 2.0 980 99 Without lump-sum provisions............ 2.0 2.3 1,040 274 With either lump sums, COLA, or both... 2.8 2.1 1,160 129 With neither lump sums nor COLA........ 1.8 2.2 860 244 Manufacturing............................ 2.6 1.7 774 127 With either lump sums, COLA, or both... 2.7 1.6 610 75 With neither lump sums nor COLA........ 2.3 2.0 164 52 Nonmanufacturing......................... 2.2 2.5 1,246 246 With either lump sums, COLA, or both... 2.8 2.7 550 54 With neither lump sums nor COLA........ 1.6 2.3 696 192 Construction............................. 1.8 2.6 348 114 All industries excluding construction.... 2.5 2.1 1,671 259 Nonmanufacturing excluding construction.. 2.3 2.5 898 132 Goods-producing.......................... 2.4 2.0 1,194 245 Service-producing........................ 2.2 2.5 826 128 Compensation changes in settlements covering 5,000 workers or more: All industries........................... 3.1 2.5 1,407 62 With COLA clauses...................... 4.0 2.1 517 14 Without COLA clauses................... 2.6 2.7 890 48 With lump-sum provisions............... 3.5 2.4 803 23 Without lump-sum provisions............ 2.6 2.5 604 39 With either lump sums, COLA, or both... 3.8 2.6 935 29 With neither lump sums nor COLA........ 1.7 2.1 472 33 Manufacturing............................ 3.6 1.9 557 19 Nonmanufacturing......................... 2.8 2.8 850 43 Construction............................. 1.1 2.1 153 14 All industries excluding construction.... 3.4 2.5 1,254 48 Nonmanufacturing excluding construction.. 3.1 3.0 697 29 Goods-producing.......................... 3.1 2.0 778 35 Service-producing........................ 3.1 3.1 629 27 1 Includes net increases, decreases, and zero change. The lump-sum measures refer to whether or not settlements have cash lump-sum provisions. All measures exclude any cash or benefit lump-sum payments and potential changes from COLA clauses. 2 Changes under settlements reached in the period and effective within 12 months of the contract effective date. 3 Changes under settlements reached in the period expressed as an average annual rate over the life of the contract. NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual employment items may not equal totals. Table 4. Rate changes: Percent distribution of workers under private industry collective bargaining settlements covering 1,000 workers or more by change(1) in wages, four quarters ended with the third quarter of 1994 (preliminary) All Manu- Nonmanu- industries facturing facturing Measure First-year change(2) Number of workers (in thousands)....................... 2,020 774 1,246 Percent of workers All settlements...................................... 100 100 100 No wage change.................................... 18 15 19 Decreases(3)...................................... 2 (4) 4 Increases......................................... 80 85 77 Under 3 percent................................ 22 17 25 3 and under 5 percent.......................... 54 67 46 5 percent and over ............................ 4 1 6 Changes (in percent): Mean change.......................................... 2.3 2.6 2.2 Median change........................................ 3.1 3.1 3.0 Mean increase........................................ 3.2 3.1 3.3 Median increase...................................... 3.1 3.1 3.2 Annual change over the contract term(5) Number of workers (in thousands)....................... 2,020 774 1,246 Percent of workers All settlements...................................... 100 100 100 No wage change.................................... 5 6 5 Decreases(3)...................................... 2 (4) 3 Increases......................................... 93 94 92 Under 2 percent................................ 41 63 27 2 and under 3 percent.......................... 22 15 26 3 and under 4 percent.......................... 24 14 30 4 percent and over............................. 6 2 8 Changes (in percent): Mean change.......................................... 2.2 1.7 2.5 Median change........................................ 2.0 1.0 2.4 Mean increase........................................ 2.4 1.8 2.8 Median increase...................................... 2.1 1.2 2.6 1 Mean and median changes include net increases, decreases, and zero change. Mean and median increases refer to only those settlements with a net increase. Data exclude lump-sum payments and potential changes from COLA clauses. 2 Changes under settlements reached in the period and effective within 12 months of the contract effective date. 3 Distributions are not shown to protect confidentiality. 4 Less than 0.5 percent. 5 Changes under settlements reached in the period expressed as an average annual rate over the life of the contract. NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual employment items may not equal totals. Table 5. Rate changes: Percent distribution of workers under private industry collective bargaining settlements covering 5,000 workers or more by change(1) in compensation, four quarters ended with the third quarter of 1994 (preliminary) Measure First-year change(2) Total number of workers (in thousands)....... 1,407 Percent of workers All settlements............................ 100 No change............................... 8 Decreases(3)............................ 4 Increases............................... 88 Under 2 percent...................... 11 2 and under 4 percent................ 38 4 percent and over................... 40 Changes (in percent): Mean change................................ 3.1 Median change.............................. 3.4 Mean increase.............................. 3.9 Median increase............................ 3.6 Annual change over the contract term(4) Total number of workers (in thousands)....... 1,407 Percent of workers All settlements............................ 100 No change............................... 0 Decreases(3)............................ 3 Increases............................... 97 Under 2 percent...................... 38 2 and under 3 percent................ 20 3 percent and over................... 38 Changes (in percent): Mean change................................ 2.5 Median change.............................. 2.3 Mean increase.............................. 2.6 Median increase............................ 2.5 1 Mean and median changes include net increases, decreases, and zero change. Mean and median increases refer to only those settlements with a net increase. Data exclude any cash or benefit lump-sum payments and potential changes from COLA clauses. 2 Changes under settlements reached in the period and effective within 12 months of the contract effective date. 3 Distributions are not shown to protect confidentiality. 4 Changes under settlements reached in the period expressed as an average annual rate over the life of the contract. NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual employment items may not equal totals. Table 6. Rate changes: Percent distribution of workers under construction collective bargaining settlements covering 1,000 workers or more by change(1) in compensation and wages, four quarters ended with the third quarter of 1994 (preliminary) First-year change(2) Measure Compensation Wages alone Total number of workers (in thousands)...................... 348 348 Percent of workers All settlements........................................... 100 100 No change.............................................. 29 40 Decreases(3)........................................... 2 2 Increases.............................................. 68 58 Under 2 percent..................................... 17 12 2 and under 3 percent............................... 21 22 3 and under 4 percent............................... 14 10 4 and under 5 percent............................... 9 4 5 percent and over.................................. 9 9 Changes (in percent): Mean change............................................... 2.0 1.8 Median change............................................. 2.1 1.7 Mean increase............................................. 3.2 3.4 Median increase........................................... 2.7 2.7 Annual change over the contract term(4) Compensation Wages alone Total number of workers (in thousands)...................... 348 348 Percent of workers All settlements........................................... 100 100 No change.............................................. 3 8 Decreases(3)........................................... 2 2 Increases.............................................. 94 90 Under 2 percent..................................... 35 32 2 and under 3 percent............................... 27 20 3 and under 4 percent............................... 16 21 4 and under 5 percent............................... 9 7 5 percent and over.................................. 7 9 Changes (in percent): Mean change............................................... 2.5 2.6 Median change............................................. 2.4 2.4 Mean increase............................................. 2.7 2.9 Median increase........................................... 2.6 2.6 1 Mean and median changes include net increases, decreases, and zero change. Mean and median increases refer to only those settlements with a net increase. Data exclude any cash or benefit lump-sum payments and potential changes from COLA clauses. 2 Changes under settlements reached in the period and effective within 12 months of the contract effective date. 3 Distributions are not shown to protect confidentiality. 4 Changes under settlements reached in the period expressed as an average annual rate over the life of the contract. NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual employment items may not equal totals. Table 7. Rate changes: Selected characteristics of settlements covering 1,000 workers or more, by duration of contract, four quarters ended with the third quarter of 1994 (preliminary) Contract duration Measure More than More than All 12 months 12 and 24 months 24 and 36 months More than contracts or less less than less than 36 months 24 months 36 months Number of settlements................... 373 34 12 24 56 138 109 Number of workers (in thousands)........ 2,020 81 22 92 280 774 772 Average contract duration (months)...... 37.9 11.2 15.5 24.0 33.2 36.0 46.5 Percent change in wages:(1) Annualized over the contract term..... 2.2 2.4 1.4 2.1 2.0 2.0 2.5 Occurring in: First contract year(2).............. 2.3 2.1 1.6 2.1 2.6 2.5 2.2 Second contract year(3)............. 2.1 NA 0.5 2.2 1.7 1.7 2.8 Third contract year(4).............. 2.1 NA NA NA 1.2 1.7 2.9 Fourth contract year(5)............. 1.4 NA NA NA NA NA 1.4 1 Includes net increases, decreases, and zero change. Excludes lump-sum payments and potential changes from COLA clauses. 2 Data are not annualized. 3 Average is based only on settlements with a duration greater than 12 months. Data are not annualized. 4 Average is based only on settlements with a duration greater than 24 months. Data are not annualized. 5 Average is based only on settlements with a duration greater than 36 months. Data are not annualized. NOTE: "NA" indicates not applicable. Because of rounding, sums of individual employment items may not equal totals. Table 8. Rate changes: Average (mean) changes(1) in wages and compensation in private industry collective bargaining settlements, by year and quarter (in percent) Annual Quarterly averages averages Measure 1992 1993 1994 1992 1993 IV I II III IV I(2) II(2) III(- 3) Wage changes in settlements covering 1,000 workers or more: First year(4) All industries........................ 2.7 2.3 1.8 2.5 2.5 1.1 2.8 3.0 2.3 0.9 With COLA clauses.................... 2.7 2.8 2.4 3.1 1.2 (5) (5) (5) 3.2 (5) Without COLA clauses................. 2.7 2.1 1.4 2.1 2.7 (5) (5) (5) 1.9 (5) With lump sums....................... 2.8 2.6 2.9 2.4 1.4 (5) (5) 2.5 2.9 0.8 Without lump sums.................... 2.6 2.0 0.9 2.6 2.9 (5) (5) 3.3 2.1 0.9 With either lump sums, COLA, or both. 2.8 2.6 2.8 2.4 1.5 2.5 2.9 2.5 3.1 1.8 With neither lump sums nor COLA...... 2.6 2.0 0.8 2.6 2.9 0.2 2.7 3.3 1.8 0.3 Manufacturing......................... 2.6 2.7 (5) 4.0 1.7 (5) (5) 1.4 3.0 2.0 With either lump sums, COLA, or both. 1.9 2.7 (5) 4.2 1.1 (5) (5) 1.0 3.0 (5) With neither lump sums nor COLA...... 3.4 2.9 (5) 3.7 2.6 (5) (5) 2.3 3.1 (5) Nonmanufacturing...................... 2.7 2.1 (5) 1.7 2.8 (5) (5) 3.5 2.0 -0.1 With either lump sums, COLA, or both. 3.2 2.4 (5) 0.9 2.0 (5) (5) 3.7 3.2 (5) With neither lump sums nor COLA...... 2.5 1.8 (5) 2.2 3.0 (5) (5) 3.4 1.7 (5) Construction.......................... 2.0 2.1 (5) (5) 2.3 1.7 (5) (5) 1.0 2.2 All industries excluding construction. 2.9 2.4 (5) (5) 2.7 1.0 (5) (5) 3.0 0.4 Nonmanufacturing excluding construction....................... 3.0 2.0 (5) (5) 3.4 (5) (5) (5) 2.9 -2.0 Goods-producing....................... 2.3 2.6 2.1 3.6 2.1 (5) (5) 3.2 1.9 2.1 Service-producing..................... 3.0 2.0 1.6 1.5 3.4 (5) (5) 2.9 2.9 -2.0 Annual average over the contract term(6) All industries......................... 3.0 2.1 2.6 2.7 2.5 1.7 2.0 2.4 2.5 1.9 With COLA clauses..................... 2.5 1.4 2.9 3.0 0.9 (5) (5) (5) 2.7 (5) Without COLA clauses.................. 3.1 2.5 2.3 2.6 2.7 (5) (5) (5) 2.4 (5) With lump sums........................ 2.9 1.9 3.1 2.6 1.4 (5) (5) 1.7 2.6 1.8 Without lump sums..................... 3.0 2.5 2.2 2.8 2.8 (5) (5) 2.8 2.4 1.9 With either lump sums, COLA, or both.. 2.9 1.9 2.9 2.6 1.5 1.5 1.9 1.7 2.7 2.2 With neither lump sums nor COLA....... 3.0 2.5 2.2 2.8 2.9 1.8 2.2 2.8 2.3 1.7 Manufacturing.......................... 2.6 1.5 (5) 3.5 1.3 (5) (5) 1.7 2.7 2.1 With either lump sums, COLA, or both.. 2.0 1.3 (5) 3.7 0.6 (5) (5) 1.3 2.7 (5) With neither lump sums nor COLA....... 3.2 2.5 (5) 3.2 2.4 (5) (5) 2.4 2.6 (5) Nonmanufacturing....................... 3.0 2.5 (5) 2.3 2.8 (5) (5) 2.7 2.4 1.8 With either lump sums, COLA, or both.. 3.2 2.6 (5) 1.7 2.4 (5) (5) 2.0 2.8 (5) With neither lump sums nor COLA....... 3.0 2.5 (5) 2.7 2.9 (5) (5) 2.9 2.3 (5) Construction........................... 2.4 2.6 (5) (5) 2.7 2.1 (5) (5) 2.3 2.5 All industries excluding construction.. 3.1 2.1 (5) (5) 2.4 1.6 (5) (5) 2.6 1.7 Nonmanufacturing excluding construction 3.3 2.5 (5) (5) 3.1 (5) (5) (5) 2.5 1.1 Goods-producing........................ 2.5 1.9 2.4 3.4 2.2 (5) (5) 2.8 2.4 2.2 Service-producing...................... 3.3 2.6 2.6 2.1 3.1 (5) (5) 2.2 2.5 1.1 Compensation changes in settlements covering 5,000 workers or more: All industries First year(4)......................... 3.0 3.0 1.4 3.1 3.2 1.0 3.8 3.0 3.4 -0.1 With COLA clauses.................... 4.1 3.2 3.3 4.3 1.7 (5) (5) - 5.8 (5) Without COLA clauses................. 2.7 2.9 -1.1 1.7 3.4 (5) (5) 3.0 2.1 (5) Annual average over the contract term(6)................................ 3.1 2.4 2.7 3.2 2.6 1.4 2.5 2.6 2.9 1.4 With COLA clauses................ 3.0 1.7 3.4 3.8 0.6 (5) (5) - 3.8 (5) Without COLA clauses............. 3.2 2.8 1.8 2.4 2.9 (5) (5) 2.6 2.4 (5) 1 Includes net increases, decreases, and zero change. The lump-sum measures refer to whether or not settlements have cash lump-sum provisions. All measures exclude any cash or benefit lump-sum payments and potential changes from COLA clauses. 2 Preliminary revised. 3 Preliminary. 4 Changes under settlements reached in the period and effective within 12 months of the contract effective date. 5 Data do not meet publication standards. 6 Changes under settlements reached in the period expressed as an average annual rate over the life of the contract. - There were no settlements in this cell. Table 9. Rate changes: Average (mean) changes(1) in wages and compensation in private industry collective bargaining settlements during 4-quarter periods (in percent) Four quarters ended Measure 1992 1993 1994 III IV I II III IV I(2) II(2) III(- 3) Wage changes in settlements covering 1,000 workers or more: First year(4) All industries........................ 3.1 2.7 2.6 2.5 2.0 2.3 2.4 2.3 2.3 With COLA clauses.................... 3.1 2.7 2.8 2.7 2.5 2.8 2.7 3.0 2.9 Without COLA clauses................. 3.1 2.7 2.6 2.5 1.8 2.1 2.3 2.0 2.1 With lump sums....................... 3.0 2.8 2.7 2.6 2.3 2.6 2.6 2.8 2.7 Without lump sums.................... 3.1 2.6 2.6 2.5 1.8 2.0 2.1 1.8 2.0 With either lump sums, COLA, or both. 3.1 2.8 2.7 2.6 2.3 2.6 2.6 2.8 2.8 With neither lump sums nor COLA...... 3.1 2.6 2.6 2.5 1.7 2.0 2.1 1.6 1.8 Manufacturing......................... 3.0 2.6 2.9 2.8 2.5 2.7 2.5 2.7 2.6 With either lump sums, COLA, or both. 2.7 1.9 2.4 2.3 2.3 2.7 2.4 2.7 2.7 With neither lump sums nor COLA...... 3.4 3.4 3.4 3.3 3.1 2.9 2.6 2.7 2.3 Nonmanufacturing...................... 3.1 2.7 2.6 2.5 1.7 2.1 2.3 2.1 2.2 With either lump sums, COLA, or both. 3.2 3.2 2.8 2.7 2.3 2.4 2.8 3.0 2.8 With neither lump sums nor COLA...... 3.0 2.5 2.4 2.4 1.5 1.8 2.0 1.5 1.6 Construction.......................... 2.0 2.0 1.9 1.8 2.0 2.1 2.4 1.7 1.8 All industries excluding construction. 3.4 2.9 2.8 2.7 1.9 2.4 2.4 2.5 2.5 Nonmanufacturing excluding construction....................... 3.5 3.0 2.8 2.7 1.5 2.0 2.3 2.3 2.3 Goods-producing....................... 2.5 2.3 2.4 2.3 2.3 2.6 2.5 2.4 2.4 Service-producing..................... 3.5 3.0 2.8 2.7 1.5 2.0 2.2 2.2 2.2 Annual average over the contract term(5) All industries......................... 3.1 3.0 2.9 2.7 2.3 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.2 With COLA clauses..................... 2.6 2.5 2.6 2.5 2.1 1.4 1.0 1.5 1.7 Without COLA clauses.................. 3.2 3.1 3.0 2.8 2.4 2.5 2.5 2.4 2.4 With lump sums........................ 2.9 2.9 2.9 2.7 2.1 1.9 1.8 1.9 2.0 Without lump sums..................... 3.2 3.0 2.9 2.8 2.4 2.5 2.5 2.3 2.3 With either lump sums, COLA, or both.. 3.0 2.9 2.8 2.7 2.1 1.9 1.8 2.0 2.1 With neither lump sums nor COLA....... 3.1 3.0 3.0 2.8 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.2 2.2 Manufacturing.......................... 2.7 2.6 2.8 2.6 2.1 1.5 1.3 1.5 1.7 With either lump sums, COLA, or both.. 2.3 2.0 2.4 2.2 1.8 1.3 1.0 1.4 1.6 With neither lump sums nor COLA....... 3.1 3.2 3.2 3.0 2.9 2.5 2.3 2.3 2.0 Nonmanufacturing....................... 3.2 3.0 2.9 2.8 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.4 2.5 With either lump sums, COLA, or both.. 3.3 3.2 3.0 2.9 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.7 With neither lump sums nor COLA....... 3.1 3.0 2.9 2.7 2.4 2.5 2.5 2.2 2.3 Construction........................... 2.5 2.4 2.5 2.4 2.4 2.6 2.7 2.4 2.6 All industries excluding construction.. 3.2 3.1 3.0 2.9 2.3 2.1 2.0 2.0 2.1 Nonmanufacturing excluding construction 3.4 3.3 3.1 3.0 2.4 2.5 2.5 2.4 2.5 Goods-producing........................ 2.6 2.5 2.6 2.5 2.3 1.9 1.8 1.9 2.0 Service-producing...................... 3.4 3.3 3.1 3.0 2.4 2.6 2.6 2.5 2.5 Compensation changes in settlements covering 5,000 workers or more: All industries First year(4)......................... 3.5 3.0 3.0 2.9 2.1 3.0 3.0 3.1 3.1 With COLA clauses.................... 4.3 4.1 4.2 4.2 3.0 3.2 (6) 3.7 4.0 Without COLA clauses................. 3.2 2.7 2.6 2.4 1.5 2.9 (6) 2.8 2.6 Annual average over the contract term(5)................................ 3.2 3.1 3.1 2.9 2.4 2.4 2.3 2.4 2.5 With COLA clauses................. 2.9 3.0 3.3 3.3 2.5 1.7 (6) 1.9 2.1 Without COLA clauses.............. 3.2 3.2 3.0 2.8 2.3 2.8 (6) 2.7 2.7 1 Includes net increases, decreases, and zero change. The lump-sum measures refer to whether or not settlements have cash lump-sum provisions. All measures exclude any cash or benefit lump-sum payments and potential changes from COLA clauses. 2 Preliminary revised. 3 Preliminary. 4 Changes under settlements reached in the period and effective within 12 months of the contract effective date. 5 Changes under settlements reached in the period expressed as an average annual rate over the contract term. 6 Data do not meet publication standards. Table 10. Cost changes: Average (mean) changes(1) in the cost of compensation and components annualized over the life of the contract(2) in private industry collective bargaining settlements covering 5,000 workers or more, by quarter, and during 4-quarter periods (in percent) 1992 1993 1994 Item III IV I II III IV I(3) II(3) III(- 4) Quarterly averages All industries Compensation .................. 2.3 1.2 1.9 1.8 0.9 1.8 2.0 1.9 0.8 Cash payments (5).............. 2.1 1.1 1.4 1.7 0.8 1.4 1.9 1.4 0.9 Wages.......................... 2.0 1.3 1.6 1.7 0.7 1.4 1.7 1.4 0.8 Benefits....................... 2.8 1.4 2.7 1.8 1.1 2.4 2.1 2.7 0.5 Four quarters ended All industries Compensation................... 2.3 2.1 2.0 1.9 1.4 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.7 Cash payments(5)............... 2.1 1.9 1.8 1.7 1.2 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.4 Wages.......................... 2.0 1.9 1.9 1.8 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.4 Benefits....................... 2.6 2.6 2.5 2.3 1.7 2.1 2.0 2.2 2.2 With contingent pay provisions(6) Compensation................... 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.0 1.4 1.5 1.4 1.7 1.9 Cash payments(5)............... 2.1 2.0 1.9 1.7 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.3 1.4 Wages.......................... 2.0 2.0 2.0 1.9 1.4 1.4 1.3 1.4 1.6 Benefits....................... 2.0 2.3 2.5 2.5 1.8 2.0 1.8 2.3 2.5 Without contingent pay provisions(6) Compensation................... 2.3 2.2 2.0 1.9 1.4 1.7 1.8 1.6 1.5 Cash payments(5)............... 2.1 1.9 1.8 1.7 1.3 1.4 1.6 1.3 1.3 Wages.......................... 2.0 1.9 1.8 1.7 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.1 1.1 Benefits....................... 2.9 2.7 2.5 2.3 1.6 2.1 2.2 2.1 1.8 Manufacturing Compensation................... 2.0 2.1 2.1 1.8 1.1 1.2 1.1 1.3 1.5 Cash payments(5)............... 1.8 1.5 1.6 1.3 1.0 0.8 0.7 0.9 1.0 Wages.......................... 1.6 1.7 2.0 1.7 1.2 1.1 0.9 1.1 1.2 Benefits....................... 2.5 3.4 3.3 2.7 1.4 1.6 1.5 1.9 2.1 Nonmanufacturing Compensation................... 2.3 2.1 2.0 2.0 1.5 1.9 2.0 1.8 1.8 Cash payments(5)............... 2.1 2.0 1.9 1.8 1.3 1.6 1.8 1.5 1.6 Wages.......................... 2.1 1.9 1.8 1.8 1.3 1.5 1.6 1.4 1.5 Benefits....................... 2.6 2.5 2.4 2.2 1.8 2.4 2.3 2.4 2.2 Goods-producing Compensation................... 1.8 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.6 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 Cash payments(5)............... 1.7 1.5 1.5 1.6 1.4 1.1 1.2 1.1 1.2 Wages.......................... 1.6 1.6 1.8 1.8 1.5 1.2 1.2 1.1 1.2 Benefits....................... 2.4 2.8 2.9 2.7 2.1 1.9 1.8 1.8 1.8 Service-producing Compensation................... 2.4 2.2 2.1 2.0 1.2 1.8 1.8 2.0 2.0 Cash payments(5)............... 2.3 2.1 1.9 1.8 1.1 1.5 1.6 1.6 1.6 Wages.......................... 2.2 2.0 1.9 1.8 1.0 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.6 Benefits....................... 2.7 2.5 2.4 2.2 1.3 2.3 2.2 2.7 2.7 1 Includes net increases, decreases, and no change. Excludes potential changes from contingent pay provisions. 2 Changes under settlements reached in the period expressed as an average annual rate over the life of the contract. 3 Preliminary revised. 4 Preliminary. 5 Cash payments include wages and lump-sum payments. 6 Contingent pay provisions include COLA clauses and/or contingent lump-sum payment clauses. Data exclude potential changes from contingent pay provisions. Table 11. Cost changes: Average (mean) changes(1) in the cost of compensation and components annualized over the life of the contract(2) in private industry collective bargaining settlements covering 5,000 workers or more, four quarters ended with the third quarter of 1994 (preliminary) (in percent) Cash Number of Measure Compen- Wages Benefits workers sation payments(- (000's) 3) All industries.......................... 1.7 1.4 1.4 2.2 1,407 With contingent pay provisions(4).... 1.9 1.4 1.6 2.5 726 Without contingent pay provisions(4). 1.5 1.3 1.1 1.8 681 Manufacturing........................... 1.5 1.0 1.2 2.1 557 Nonmanufacturing........................ 1.8 1.6 1.5 2.2 850 Goods-producing......................... 1.4 1.2 1.2 1.8 778 Service-producing....................... 2.0 1.6 1.6 2.7 629 1 Includes net increases, decreases, and zero change. Excludes potential changes from contingent pay provisions. 2 Changes under settlements reached in the period expressed as an average annual rate over the life of the contract. 3 Cash payments include wages and lump sum payments. 4 Contingent pay provisions include COLA clauses and/or contingent lump sum payment clauses. Data exclude potential changes from contingent pay provisions. NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual employment items may not equal totals. Table 12. Cost changes: Percent distribution of workers in private industry collective bargaining settlements covering 5,000 workers or more, by average (mean) changes(1) in compensation costs annualized over the life of the contract,(2) four quarters ended with the third quarter of 1994 (preliminary) Measure All industries Total number of workers (in thousands)............ 1,407 Percent of workers All settlements................................. 100 No change.................................... 0 Decreases(3)................................. 3 Increases.................................... 97 Under 1.5 percent......................... 41 1.5 and under 2.5 percent................. 29 2.5 percent and over...................... 27 Changes (in percent): Mean change (percent)........................... 1.7 Median change................................... 1.8 Mean increase (percent)...................... 1.8 Median increase.............................. 1.8 1 Includes net increases, decreases, and zero change. Excludes potential changes from contingent pay provisions. 2 Changes under settlements reached in the period expressed as an average annual (compound) rate over the life of the contract. 3 Distributions are not shown to protect confidentiality. NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual employment items may not equal totals. Table 13. Rate changes: Average changes in wages in private industry collective bargaining agreements covering 1,000 workers or more, by year and quarter (in percent) Annual averages Quarterly averages Item 1992 1993 1994 1992 1993 IV I II III IV I(1) II(1) III(2) Average wage rate change (3)............... 3.1 3.0 0.4 0.5 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.4 0.8 0.9 Source: Current settlements...................... 0.8 0.9 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.5 0.1 0.2 0.1 Prior settlements..................... 1.9 1.9 0.2 0.3 0.7 0.6 0.2 0.3 0.6 0.7 COLA provisions....................... 0.4 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 (4) (4) (4) 0.1 0.1 Industry Manufacturing............................ 3.1 3.3 0.6 0.6 0.9 0.6 1.1 0.4 0.7 0.6 Nonmanufacturing...................... 3.1 2.8 0.3 0.4 1.0 0.9 0.6 0.4 0.9 1.0 Nonmanufacturing excluding construction.............................. 3.0 2.8 0.4 0.4 0.8 0.9 0.7 0.4 0.6 1.2 Construction.......................... 3.4 2.7 0.1 0.3 1.6 0.7 0.1 0.3 1.5 0.7 Transportation and public utilities... 2.7 3.0 0.2 0.4 0.7 1.1 0.7 0.2 0.7 1.9 Wholesale and retail trade............ 3.5 2.3 0.8 0.4 0.9 0.3 0.6 0.6 0.7 0.5 Services.............................. 3.7 3.4 1.0 0.6 0.7 1.5 0.6 0.8 0.4 0.6 Goods-producing....................... 3.1 3.1 0.4 0.5 1.1 0.6 0.8 0.4 1.0 0.6 Service-producing..................... 3.0 2.8 0.4 0.5 0.8 0.9 0.7 0.4 0.6 1.2 Average wage rate increase(5).............. 3.7 3.5 1.8 2.0 2.5 2.7 2.5 1.7 2.2 2.5 Source:(6) Current settlements...................... 3.6 3.2 3.1 3.0 3.0 2.7 2.9 3.6 2.7 3.0 Prior settlements..................... 3.8 3.4 2.9 3.1 3.3 3.0 3.2 2.7 3.2 3.5 COLA provisions....................... 2.0 1.3 0.7 0.5 0.7 0.5 0.3 0.3 0.5 0.5 Number of workers receiving wage increases (in thousands)(7)......................... 4,665.5 4,795.1 1,452.4 1,377.9 2,116.4 1,715.0 1,603.9 1,324.6 2,009.5 2,034.3 Source: Current settlements...................... 1,292.3 1,671.7 387.4 221.8 358.9 359.5 883.9 140.7 426.5 294.6 Prior settlements..................... 2,817.8 2,999.2 325.1 535.4 1,121.2 1,163.0 377.0 555.8 934.8 1,131.2 COLA provisions....................... 1,036.3 872.2 775.8 666.9 661.8 273.4 720.5 689.7 658.2 629.0 Number of workers not receiving a wage increase (in thousands)................... 853.9 681.0 4,067.0 4,098.2 3,359.7 3,761.2 3,872.2 4,034.2 3,349.4 3,324.6 1 Preliminary revised. 2 Preliminary. 3 Includes increases, decreases, and zero change in wages stemming from current settlements, settlements reached in a prior period, and COLA clauses. Because of rounding and compounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. 4 More than 0 and less than 0.05 percent. 5 Reflects only contracts where the net effect of increases and decreases from all sources was a wage rate increase. 6 Reflects only contracts where the net effect of increases and decreases from each source was a wage rate increase. 7 The employment total does not equal the sum of employment for each source, because some workers received wage changes from more than one source. Table 14. Rate changes: Average changes in wages in private industry collective bargaining agreements covering 1,000 workers or more during 4-quarter periods (in percent) Four quarters ended Item 1992 1993 1994 IV I II III IV I(1) II(1) III(2) Average wage rate change (3)..... 3.1 3.0 2.9 2.6 3.0 2.9 2.7 2.9 Source: Current settlements.......... 0.8 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.8 Prior settlements............ 1.9 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.9 1.8 1.7 1.9 COLA provisions.............. 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 Industry Manufacturing................ 3.1 2.9 3.0 2.7 3.3 3.1 2.9 2.8 Nonmanufacturing............. 3.1 3.0 2.8 2.6 2.8 2.8 2.7 2.9 Nonmanufacturing excluding construction................ 3.0 2.9 2.9 2.6 2.8 2.8 2.7 3.0 Construction................. 3.4 3.3 2.7 2.5 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.9 Transportation and public utilities................... 2.7 2.8 2.9 2.5 3.0 2.7 2.7 3.5 Wholesale and retail trade... 3.5 3.1 3.0 2.4 2.3 2.5 2.3 2.4 Services..................... 3.7 3.2 3.3 3.8 3.4 3.5 3.1 2.3 Goods-producing.............. 3.1 3.0 2.8 2.6 3.1 2.9 2.8 2.9 Service-producing............ 3.0 2.9 2.9 2.7 2.8 2.8 2.7 3.0 Average wage rate increase(4).... 3.7 3.6 3.6 3.4 3.5 3.4 3.4 3.6 Source:(5) Current settlements.......... 3.6 3.5 3.1 3.0 3.2 3.1 2.9 3.0 Prior settlements............ 3.8 3.7 3.5 3.3 3.4 3.3 3.3 3.4 COLA provisions.............. 2.0 2.0 2.0 1.8 1.3 1.2 1.1 1.4 Number of workers receiving wage increases (in thousands)(6)...... 4,665.5 4,630.8 4,528.5 4,468.8 4,795.1 4,691.5 4,590.1 4,499.4 Source: Current settlements.......... 1,292.3 1,347.8 1,405.0 1,229.8 1,671.7 1,646.7 1,739.5 1,675.2 Prior settlements............ 2,817.8 2,706.0 2,785.0 2,965.9 2,999.2 2,989.1 2,888.2 2,965.4 COLA provisions.............. 1,036.3 1,067.4 1,064.2 921.2 872.2 841.0 845.0 785.6 Number of workers not receiving a wage increase (in thousands)..... 853.9 888.7 991.0 1,050.7 681.0 784.7 886.1 976.7 1 Preliminary revised. 2 Preliminary. 3 Includes increases, decreases, and zero change in wages stemming from current settlements, agreements reached in a prior period, and COLA clauses. Because of rounding and compounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. 4 Reflects only contracts where the net effect of increases and decreases from all sources was an increase. 5 Reflects only contracts where the net effect of increases and decreases from each source was an increase. 6 The employment total does not equal the sum of employment for each source, because some workers received wage changes from more than one source.