Table 2. Long run labor productivity, unit labor costs, and related data
Table 2. Long run labor productivity, unit labor costs, and related data
| Industry |
2017 NAICS code |
2023
Employment
(thousands) |
Annual percent change, 1987-2023 |
| Labor productivity |
Unit labor costs |
Output |
Hours
worked |
Labor compen-
sation |
Hourly compen-
sation |
Mining |
|
|
Mining |
21 |
606.9 |
1.8 |
1.9 |
1.6 |
-0.2 |
3.5 |
3.7 |
|
Oil and gas extraction |
211 |
118.4 |
3.4 |
1.4 |
2.0 |
-1.3 |
3.4 |
4.8 |
Oil and gas extraction |
2111 |
118.4 |
3.4 |
1.4 |
2.0 |
-1.3 |
3.4 |
4.8 |
|
Mining, except oil and gas |
212 |
189.7 |
0.9 |
2.1 |
-0.2 |
-1.1 |
1.9 |
3.1 |
Coal mining |
2121 |
42.7 |
1.2 |
1.6 |
-1.9 |
-3.1 |
-0.3 |
2.9 |
Metal ore mining |
2122 |
43.7 |
-0.2 |
3.8 |
0.2 |
0.4 |
4.0 |
3.6 |
Nonmetallic mineral mining and quarrying |
2123 |
103.3 |
1.1 |
2.5 |
0.9 |
-0.2 |
3.3 |
3.5 |
|
Support activities for mining |
213 |
298.8 |
3.2 |
1.0 |
4.7 |
1.4 |
5.7 |
4.3 |
Support activities for mining |
2131 |
298.8 |
3.2 |
1.0 |
4.7 |
1.4 |
5.7 |
4.3 |
|
Nondurable Manufacturing |
|
|
Food |
311 |
1,779.1 |
0.5 |
2.4 |
1.0 |
0.5 |
3.4 |
2.9 |
Animal food |
3111 |
73.8 |
1.1 |
2.5 |
1.4 |
0.3 |
4.0 |
3.6 |
Grain and oilseed milling |
3112 |
63.7 |
1.5 |
1.8 |
0.8 |
-0.7 |
2.6 |
3.3 |
Sugar and confectionery products |
3113 |
81.5 |
0.8 |
2.5 |
0.5 |
-0.3 |
3.0 |
3.3 |
Fruit and vegetable preserving and specialty |
3114 |
172.8 |
0.9 |
2.2 |
0.7 |
-0.2 |
2.8 |
3.1 |
Dairy products |
3115 |
166.2 |
0.8 |
2.4 |
1.1 |
0.3 |
3.6 |
3.3 |
Animal slaughtering and processing |
3116 |
554.6 |
0.3 |
2.6 |
1.3 |
1.0 |
3.9 |
2.9 |
Seafood product preparation and packaging |
3117 |
28.9 |
1.8 |
2.8 |
0.1 |
-1.7 |
2.9 |
4.7 |
Bakeries and tortilla products |
3118 |
371.4 |
0.0 |
2.3 |
0.2 |
0.3 |
2.5 |
2.3 |
Other food products |
3119 |
266.2 |
-0.4 |
2.7 |
1.9 |
2.3 |
4.6 |
2.3 |
|
Beverages and tobacco products |
312 |
343.8 |
-1.0 |
3.4 |
-0.4 |
0.6 |
2.9 |
2.3 |
Beverages |
3121 |
333.0 |
-0.2 |
2.6 |
0.9 |
1.1 |
3.6 |
2.4 |
Tobacco |
3122 |
10.8 |
1.8 |
2.3 |
-2.9 |
-4.7 |
-0.7 |
4.1 |
|
Textile mills |
313 |
92.8 |
2.1 |
0.6 |
-2.7 |
-4.7 |
-2.1 |
2.7 |
Fiber, yarn, and thread mills |
3131 |
22.5 |
1.5 |
0.3 |
-2.6 |
-4.1 |
-2.3 |
1.8 |
Fabric mills |
3132 |
44.9 |
2.4 |
0.8 |
-2.9 |
-5.2 |
-2.1 |
3.2 |
Textile and fabric finishing mills |
3133 |
25.4 |
1.2 |
1.2 |
-3.0 |
-4.2 |
-1.9 |
2.4 |
|
Textile product mills |
314 |
106.7 |
0.4 |
2.7 |
-2.0 |
-2.3 |
0.7 |
3.1 |
Textile furnishings mills |
3141 |
42.3 |
0.2 |
2.7 |
-2.8 |
-2.9 |
-0.1 |
2.9 |
Other textile product mills |
3149 |
64.4 |
1.1 |
2.4 |
-0.7 |
-1.8 |
1.7 |
3.5 |
|
Apparel |
315 |
107.8 |
0.1 |
1.8 |
-5.9 |
-6.0 |
-4.2 |
1.9 |
Apparel knitting mills |
3151 |
7.3 |
0.4 |
1.8 |
-6.9 |
-7.2 |
-5.2 |
2.2 |
Cut and sew apparel |
3152 |
84.9 |
0.4 |
1.6 |
-5.8 |
-6.2 |
-4.3 |
2.0 |
Accessories and other apparel |
3159 |
15.6 |
-2.8 |
3.1 |
-5.3 |
-2.6 |
-2.4 |
0.2 |
|
Leather and allied products |
316 |
30.0 |
1.2 |
2.3 |
-3.4 |
-4.5 |
-1.2 |
3.5 |
Leather and hide tanning and finishing |
3161 |
4.1 |
1.6 |
1.1 |
-2.4 |
-3.9 |
-1.4 |
2.6 |
Footwear |
3162 |
12.3 |
1.0 |
2.8 |
-4.6 |
-5.5 |
-1.9 |
3.8 |
Other leather products |
3169 |
13.6 |
0.8 |
2.6 |
-2.6 |
-3.4 |
-0.1 |
3.4 |
|
Paper |
322 |
358.3 |
1.0 |
2.1 |
-0.6 |
-1.7 |
1.4 |
3.1 |
Pulp, paper, and paperboard mills |
3221 |
87.6 |
1.8 |
1.5 |
-1.0 |
-2.8 |
0.5 |
3.3 |
Converted paper products |
3222 |
270.7 |
0.5 |
2.7 |
-0.6 |
-1.1 |
2.1 |
3.2 |
|
Printing and related support activities |
323 |
391.8 |
1.0 |
1.6 |
-1.1 |
-2.0 |
0.5 |
2.6 |
Printing and related support activities |
3231 |
391.8 |
1.0 |
1.6 |
-1.1 |
-2.0 |
0.5 |
2.6 |
|
Petroleum and coal products |
324 |
109.1 |
2.0 |
2.6 |
0.9 |
-1.0 |
3.6 |
4.7 |
Petroleum and coal products |
3241 |
109.1 |
2.0 |
2.6 |
0.9 |
-1.0 |
3.6 |
4.7 |
|
Chemicals |
325 |
918.5 |
0.7 |
2.4 |
0.6 |
-0.2 |
3.0 |
3.2 |
Basic chemicals |
3251 |
156.6 |
1.4 |
2.0 |
0.3 |
-1.2 |
2.3 |
3.5 |
Resin, rubber, and artificial fibers |
3252 |
97.2 |
1.1 |
2.5 |
-0.1 |
-1.1 |
2.4 |
3.6 |
Agricultural chemicals |
3253 |
38.5 |
1.4 |
2.2 |
0.5 |
-0.9 |
2.7 |
3.6 |
Pharmaceuticals and medicines |
3254 |
351.1 |
-0.7 |
3.8 |
1.1 |
1.9 |
5.0 |
3.1 |
Paints, coatings, and adhesives |
3255 |
65.2 |
0.5 |
2.5 |
0.0 |
-0.5 |
2.5 |
3.0 |
Soaps, cleaning compounds, and toiletries |
3256 |
125.7 |
0.5 |
1.6 |
0.7 |
0.2 |
2.3 |
2.1 |
Other chemical products and preparations |
3259 |
84.2 |
1.5 |
1.6 |
-0.1 |
-1.6 |
1.5 |
3.1 |
|
Plastics and rubber products |
326 |
742.2 |
1.1 |
1.9 |
0.9 |
-0.2 |
2.8 |
3.0 |
Plastics products |
3261 |
605.1 |
1.0 |
2.0 |
1.1 |
0.1 |
3.1 |
3.0 |
Rubber products |
3262 |
137.1 |
1.6 |
1.6 |
0.3 |
-1.3 |
1.8 |
3.1 |
|
Durable Manufacturing |
|
|
Wood products |
321 |
451.9 |
0.7 |
2.6 |
-0.2 |
-0.8 |
2.5 |
3.3 |
Sawmills and wood preservation |
3211 |
103.4 |
1.4 |
1.8 |
0.2 |
-1.2 |
2.0 |
3.2 |
Plywood and engineered wood products |
3212 |
83.1 |
-0.1 |
2.8 |
-0.6 |
-0.6 |
2.2 |
2.8 |
Other wood products |
3219 |
265.4 |
0.7 |
2.9 |
-0.1 |
-0.7 |
2.8 |
3.6 |
|
Nonmetallic mineral products |
327 |
437.9 |
0.7 |
2.0 |
0.3 |
-0.5 |
2.3 |
2.7 |
Clay products and refractories |
3271 |
42.3 |
1.2 |
1.7 |
-1.2 |
-2.4 |
0.5 |
2.9 |
Glass and glass products |
3272 |
87.0 |
1.1 |
1.5 |
-0.3 |
-1.4 |
1.2 |
2.6 |
Cement and concrete products |
3273 |
209.6 |
0.1 |
2.4 |
0.5 |
0.4 |
2.9 |
2.5 |
Lime and gypsum products |
3274 |
16.3 |
0.6 |
3.4 |
-0.4 |
-0.9 |
3.0 |
4.0 |
Other nonmetallic mineral products |
3279 |
82.7 |
1.0 |
1.9 |
1.3 |
0.3 |
3.2 |
2.9 |
|
Primary metals |
331 |
380.5 |
1.2 |
1.6 |
-0.5 |
-1.6 |
1.2 |
2.8 |
Iron and steel mills and ferroalloys |
3311 |
83.6 |
1.7 |
0.9 |
-0.4 |
-2.1 |
0.5 |
2.6 |
Steel products from purchased steel |
3312 |
60.4 |
-0.1 |
2.7 |
-0.4 |
-0.4 |
2.2 |
2.6 |
Alumina and aluminum production |
3313 |
60.7 |
1.0 |
2.1 |
-0.6 |
-1.6 |
1.5 |
3.1 |
Other nonferrous metal production |
3314 |
64.3 |
1.2 |
2.4 |
-0.3 |
-1.4 |
2.2 |
3.6 |
Foundries |
3315 |
111.5 |
0.9 |
1.8 |
-0.9 |
-1.8 |
0.9 |
2.8 |
|
Fabricated metal products |
332 |
1,480.7 |
0.7 |
2.1 |
0.5 |
-0.3 |
2.6 |
2.8 |
Forging and stamping |
3321 |
90.7 |
1.5 |
1.5 |
0.0 |
-1.4 |
1.5 |
3.0 |
Cutlery and handtools |
3322 |
36.9 |
0.9 |
1.5 |
-1.0 |
-1.8 |
0.5 |
2.4 |
Architectural and structural metals |
3323 |
418.5 |
0.3 |
2.7 |
0.7 |
0.4 |
3.5 |
3.0 |
Boilers, tanks, and shipping containers |
3324 |
95.4 |
0.5 |
2.2 |
0.0 |
-0.4 |
2.2 |
2.7 |
Hardware |
3325 |
24.8 |
0.5 |
1.8 |
-1.9 |
-2.4 |
-0.1 |
2.4 |
Spring and wire products |
3326 |
41.2 |
1.5 |
1.7 |
-0.4 |
-1.9 |
1.4 |
3.3 |
Machine shops and threaded products |
3327 |
354.2 |
1.5 |
1.6 |
1.8 |
0.3 |
3.4 |
3.1 |
Coating, engraving, and heat treating metals |
3328 |
131.7 |
1.9 |
1.3 |
1.6 |
-0.2 |
3.0 |
3.3 |
Other fabricated metal products |
3329 |
287.3 |
0.4 |
2.1 |
0.0 |
-0.4 |
2.1 |
2.5 |
|
Machinery |
333 |
1,145.2 |
1.3 |
1.6 |
0.8 |
-0.5 |
2.4 |
2.9 |
Agriculture, construction, and mining machinery |
3331 |
223.2 |
1.7 |
1.3 |
1.8 |
0.1 |
3.1 |
3.0 |
Industrial machinery |
3332 |
136.2 |
0.7 |
1.8 |
0.6 |
-0.1 |
2.4 |
2.5 |
Commercial and service industry machinery |
3333 |
91.1 |
1.2 |
1.1 |
-0.1 |
-1.3 |
1.1 |
2.4 |
HVAC and commercial refrigeration equipment |
3334 |
149.2 |
0.3 |
2.5 |
0.1 |
-0.2 |
2.6 |
2.8 |
Metalworking machinery |
3335 |
162.9 |
2.0 |
0.8 |
0.5 |
-1.5 |
1.3 |
2.8 |
Turbine and power transmission equipment |
3336 |
93.0 |
1.0 |
1.3 |
0.5 |
-0.5 |
1.8 |
2.3 |
Other general purpose machinery |
3339 |
289.6 |
1.2 |
2.2 |
0.8 |
-0.3 |
3.1 |
3.4 |
|
Computer and electronic products |
334 |
1,111.3 |
7.2 |
-3.9 |
5.3 |
-1.7 |
1.2 |
3.0 |
Computer and peripheral equipment |
3341 |
163.9 |
12.2 |
-10.5 |
8.7 |
-3.1 |
-2.7 |
0.4 |
Communications equipment |
3342 |
86.7 |
4.6 |
-1.1 |
1.6 |
-2.9 |
0.5 |
3.4 |
Audio and video equipment |
3343 |
19.6 |
2.5 |
-0.5 |
-0.3 |
-2.7 |
-0.7 |
2.0 |
Semiconductors and electronic components |
3344 |
396.1 |
10.5 |
-6.8 |
9.3 |
-1.1 |
1.8 |
3.0 |
Electronic instruments |
3345 |
432.9 |
2.3 |
0.9 |
1.0 |
-1.3 |
1.9 |
3.2 |
Magnetic media manufacturing and reproducing |
3346 |
12.1 |
-0.2 |
-0.1 |
-3.1 |
-2.9 |
-3.2 |
-0.3 |
|
Electrical equipment and appliances |
335 |
421.0 |
1.3 |
1.8 |
0.0 |
-1.4 |
1.8 |
3.2 |
Electric lighting equipment |
3351 |
39.4 |
1.5 |
1.5 |
-0.5 |
-1.9 |
1.1 |
3.1 |
Household appliances |
3352 |
65.6 |
2.4 |
-0.2 |
0.5 |
-1.8 |
0.2 |
2.1 |
Electrical equipment |
3353 |
149.0 |
1.3 |
1.9 |
-0.2 |
-1.5 |
1.7 |
3.3 |
Other electrical equipment and components |
3359 |
167.0 |
0.6 |
2.7 |
-0.1 |
-0.8 |
2.5 |
3.3 |
|
Transportation equipment |
336 |
1,804.3 |
1.8 |
0.6 |
1.4 |
-0.4 |
2.0 |
2.5 |
Motor vehicles |
3361 |
296.0 |
1.8 |
0.7 |
1.8 |
0.0 |
2.4 |
2.4 |
Motor vehicle bodies and trailers |
3362 |
173.2 |
0.8 |
2.6 |
1.4 |
0.6 |
4.1 |
3.5 |
Motor vehicle parts |
3363 |
577.1 |
2.4 |
-0.6 |
2.3 |
-0.2 |
1.7 |
1.8 |
Aerospace products and parts |
3364 |
534.6 |
0.9 |
2.0 |
-0.4 |
-1.2 |
1.6 |
2.9 |
Railroad rolling stock |
3365 |
21.8 |
1.4 |
1.7 |
1.2 |
-0.2 |
3.0 |
3.2 |
Ship and boat building |
3366 |
158.7 |
1.4 |
1.9 |
0.9 |
-0.5 |
2.8 |
3.3 |
Other transportation equipment |
3369 |
42.9 |
2.4 |
0.2 |
3.1 |
0.7 |
3.3 |
2.7 |
|
Furniture and related products |
337 |
386.1 |
0.8 |
2.1 |
-0.6 |
-1.5 |
1.5 |
3.0 |
Household and institutional furniture |
3371 |
249.5 |
0.7 |
2.2 |
-0.9 |
-1.6 |
1.2 |
2.9 |
Office furniture and fixtures |
3372 |
105.2 |
0.8 |
2.2 |
-0.3 |
-1.2 |
1.9 |
3.1 |
Other furniture related products |
3379 |
31.4 |
1.3 |
1.3 |
0.1 |
-1.2 |
1.4 |
2.6 |
|
Miscellaneous manufacturing |
339 |
688.5 |
1.4 |
1.6 |
1.3 |
-0.1 |
2.9 |
3.1 |
Medical equipment and supplies |
3391 |
340.3 |
1.9 |
1.3 |
2.7 |
0.8 |
4.1 |
3.3 |
Other miscellaneous manufacturing |
3399 |
348.2 |
0.8 |
1.9 |
0.0 |
-0.8 |
1.9 |
2.8 |
Last Modified Date: April 25, 2024
United States Department of Labor
